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CHEM 111: EXAM 1
Matter |
Is something that takes up space and has mass |
Experiment |
i san observation of natural phenomena. |
3 Criteria for experiments |
1. Controlled
2. Duplication
3. Conclusions can be made |
Order of Hypothesis, Theory, Law |
1. Hypothesis
2. Theory (Why)
3. Law (How) |
SI Base units for mass, length, time, volume, temperature |
Mass: Kilogram
Length: Meter
Time: Second
Volume: liter
Temperature: K |
Sig Fig Rules |
all non zeros
captive zeros
never leading zeros
tailing zeros if there is a decimal point |
Sig Figs for +/- |
Least significant decimal point |
Sig Fig for division and multiplication |
least number of sig digits |
Accuracy |
How close you are to the true value |
Precision |
Reproducibility |
Temperature |
a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles |
Equation for Density |
D=M/V |
Two ways to classify matter |
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties |
Solid |
Rigid, relatively incompressible, and has a fixed shape and volume , |
Liquid |
Relatively incompressible fluid, has a fixed volume but no shape |
Gas |
Easy to compress fluid |
Physical Properties |
Physical property can be observed without changing a substance into another (boiling point, density, mass etc.) |
Chemical Property |
can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance. rusting, fire, |
Intensive Property |
Does nto matter the amount, the property will not change IE color |
Extensive Properties |
depends on the amount IE mass |
Element |
A substance that cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction into something simpler. |
Smallest unit of an element |
atom |
Compound |
a substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined |
Smalled unit of compound |
molecule |
Mixture |
A substance that can be separated by physical means (IE boiling) |
Heterogenous Substance |
substance that is not uniform |
Homogeneous Substance |
A substance that is uniform throughout |
Law of the Conservation of Mass |
During a chemical reaction, matter can not be created or destroyed, only change forms. |
Law of Definite Proportions |
A given compound always contains exactly the same proportions of elements |
Charges of Subatomic particles and size |
biggest Neutron (no charge)
Proton (+)
Electron (-) |
Atomic Number |
All atoms of the same element have the same about of protons, the period table is organized by this number |
Atomic Mass |
number of protons+number of neutrons not a whole number because of isotopes |
Isotope |
Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons |
Molecule |
Group of atoms chemically bound together |
Molecular Formula |
gives the exact number of atoms of elements in a molecule |
Structural Formula |
Shows how the atoms are bonded together in a molecule |
Ion |
electrically charged particle that has either lost or gained an electron |
Ionic Compound |
formed from ions |
Period/Group |
period: horizontal row
Group: vertical row |
What elements have similar chemical properties (in relation to the period table of elements) |
IN the same group |
1A, 2A, 7A, 8A |
1A- Alkali metals
2A Alkali earth metals
7A Halogens
8A Nobel gases |
What charge does group 1A have |
+1 |
Where are nonmetals on the periodic table |
right side |
Metal |
ductile, conduct, shinny |
Nonmetal |
do not conduct, dull |
What charge do metals have |
positive |
Mole |
conversion factor between mas and number of atoms |
Avogadro's Number |
6.022*10^23 atoms |
Molar Mass |
is the mass of 1 mole of a substance |
Empirical Formula |
Lowest whole number ratio of elements |