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COMM 104: Exam 3
Power differential
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Accepting a position belief solution bc it is proposed by a higher authority
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Loss an risk aversion
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Maintains status quo and avoiding risk or loss
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All or nothing
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Simplifying decisions by treating remote probabilities as if they were not even possibilities
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Elimination by aspect
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Eliminating an option form consideration based upon the lack of one desirable feature
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Anchoring with adjustment
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Picking an initial standpoint then changing it based on new evidence
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Illusion of control
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Over estimating the control we have over situations
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Optimistic bias
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Understanding our risk of experiencing a negative event
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Cognitive heuristics
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Natural decision making shortcuts the we use to speed up our decisions about what to believe or do.
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Satisfying shortcut
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Having found an option that is good enough and taken it
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Temporizing shortcut
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What ever u consider good enough for now
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Affect shortcut
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Based on initial response (Go with your Guy)
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Simulation shortcut
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Estimating the likelihood of a given outcome based on how easy it so to imagine that outcome
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Availability shortcut
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Base on vivid memory of past experience
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Representation shortcut
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Making the snap judgement that X is like Y in every way when we notice they are alike in some ways
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Association shortcut
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Connecting ideas on the basis of word association and memories meaning or impressions they trigger
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Stereotyping shortcut
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Snap judgement about a group based on limited instance or preconceived notion
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Us vs Them. Shortcut
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Reducing decisions to the choice btw 2 starkly opposing options and then rejecting the option your opposition favors
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Peripheral route thinking
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Assumes based on mental shortcuts to quickly reach judgements when immediate action is needed.
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Cues
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Quick rationalized after the fact Anything besides the message argument.
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Central route thinking
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Processing messages carefully and with much effort you produce more thoughts about the messages and thoughts are relevant. More detailed
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Egocentric thinking
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Viewing everything in relegation to oneself
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Socioeconomic thinking
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Concerned with or centers on ones own social group
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Information literacy
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Ability to identify locate evaluate and effectively use info. (Evaluating sources)
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Authors voice
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Writing personality (connecting with your audience)
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4 components of Rhetorical situation
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1. Author. 2. Audience. 3. Purpose. 4. Presentation.
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Denying the antecedent
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If A true. Then B true. A not true then B not true.
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False classification
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False assumption the if a individual case X is a part of group G the it is automatically part of subgroup F
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Fallacies of composition
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When we say what is true of one part is true of the group
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Fallacies of division
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When we say what is true of the group is true of the individuals
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False reference
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Just bc an argument is described one way does not mean that it holds true when described in another way
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Transitivity relationship
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If X has a relationship with Y and Y has the same relationship with Z then X has that same relationship to Z
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Reflexivity relationship.
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Two objects relate to each other in the same way
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Affirming the consequent
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If A is true the B is true A must be true
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Applying a generalization
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Every member of F is a member of G. X is a member of F so he is also a member of G.
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Disjunctive syllogism
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Either A or B Not A so B
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Affirming the antecedent
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If A then B. A happens so B happens.
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Denying the consequent
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If A then B not B so not A
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Deductive reasoning
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Require that the conclusion must be true if all the premises are true. (Top Down approach)
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Slippery slope
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Assuming that an event is automatically the start of a long chain of events.
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Playing by the numbers
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Argument that uses statistics but does not provide the needed info to come to a conclusion about the significance of the statistics.
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False dilemma
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Assuming incorrectly that all options are bad options
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Gamblers fallacy
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Improperly connecting events that happened due to chance
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False cause
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Assuming that if B happens right after A then A causes B.
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Erroneous generalization
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Predicting based on too little info
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Types of inductive reasoning
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Coincidence Correlation. Cause.
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Cause
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Need more than strong correlation.
Enables us to explain predict And control parts of the natural world
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Correlations
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Same coincidences happen over and over again so ever a may be related by more than random chance.
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Coincidence
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If two events happen to occur together by chance.
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Types of inductive fallacies
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Erroneous generalization
Playing with numbers
False dilemma
Gamblers fallacy
False cause
Slippery slope
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4 questions of
Evaluating generalizations
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1. Was the correct group sampled?
2. Were the data obtained in an effective way ?
3. Were enough cases considered ?
4. Wast the sample representatively structured?
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Inductive reasoning
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Logical process in which multiple premises all believed to be true or found true most of the time are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.
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Elaboration likelihood Model
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Research on thinking and decision making shows that we use two systems of thinking at the same time
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Moderators
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Motivation an ability increase or decrease elaboration likelihood. You need to be high in both motivation and ability to process centrally
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Central route thinking Outcomes
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More persistent over time and during change and can predict future behaviors
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Peripheral route thinking
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Short lived Can't predict the future and other messages affect it
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Coercion
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Using force or punishment to get something you desire
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Amoral view
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Rhetorical has no ethical value. Everyone should be allowed to speak.
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Moral view
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Biased to good people. Lots of ethical value. Rhetorical communications.
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Totalitarian
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Moral ethic. Restricts communication often by coercion.
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Democratic
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Amoral ethic. Systematically encourages free speech.
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Censorship
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All societies restrict free speech but in diff ways. Totalitarian restrict with laws and force. Democracies restrict with social pressure.
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Advocate system
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Having someone speak for you. Need full training ethical that they try their best. (Lawyer)
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Ghostwriting
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Skilled communicator that creates messages for another source to present.
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Types of deductive reasoning
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Affirming the consequent
Denying the antecedent
False classification
False references
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Things writers need to know
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What am I doing?
Why am I doing it?
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To speak. Obligations
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Obligation to speak when there is a strong belief.
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To speak well. Obligations
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Use of abilities to persuade to see that truth and justice are communicated well
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Not to speak. Obligations
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Refrain from speaking when unsure what is right or true
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To listen. Obligations
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Listen and lean from others.
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To speak. Obstacles
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Often it is difficult to voice concerns due to societal or institutional pressures
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To speak well. Obstacles
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Many people lack the ability to articulate thoughts.
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Not to speak. Obstacles
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Sometimes it is difficult to avoid saying too much
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To listen. Obstacles
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Difficult to see others perspective.
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Profiteering persuasion
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Taking advantage of human tendencies to expand little energy thinking about info
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Jujitsu persuasion
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Attempt to manipulate without appearing to manipulate
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