53 Cards in this Set
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1) An atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is
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ion
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2) Generally speaking, the larger a nucleus is, the greater its
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instability
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3) Which is the smallest particle listed below?
A) an atom B) a quark C) a neutron D) a proton E) a molecule
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quark,
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4) Uranium—235, uranium—238, and uranium—239 are different
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isotopes
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5) The weight of matter comes mostly from its
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protons
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6) Carbon dating requires that the object being tested contains
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organic material
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7) The end result of radioactive decay can be a different
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isotope, atom OR element
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8) Radioactivity in the world is something
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as old as the world itself
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9) Which of the following isotopes is radioactive?
A) carbon—14 B) carbon—12
C) Both are radioactive. D) Neither are radioactive in nature.
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carbon-14, Stability of a nucleus is dictated by the neutron/proton ratio. Too large or too small and the nucleus is unstable. The greater neutron/proton ratio in carbon-14 is too large, making the nucleus sufficiently unstable that it emits a beta particle, converting to nitrogen-14.
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10) Electric forces within an atomic nucleus tend to
A) hold it together.
B) push it apart.
C) neither of these.
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push it apart
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11) If two protons are added to an oxygen nucleus, the result is
A) heavy oxygen.
B) neon.
C) fluorine.
D) nitrogen.
E) sodium.
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fluorine
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12) The atomic mass number of an element is the same as the number of its
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neucleons
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13) The function of graphite in the first atomic reactor was to
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slow fast neutrons
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14) Which has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus?
A) lead B) silver C) mercury D) gold
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lead
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15) Which radiation has no electric charge associated with it?
A) gamma rays B) beta rays C) alpha rays D) all of these E) none of these
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gamma rays
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16) The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of its
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protons
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17) Carbon—14 is produced in the atmosphere principally by
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cosmic ray bombardment
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18) To change mercury into gold, a pair of protons must be
A) added to the mercury nucleus. B) removed from the mercury nucleus.
C) both of these. D) neither of these.
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none of these
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19) Which experiences the least electrical force in an electric field?
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gamma ray (most is alpha particle)
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20) Most of the radioactivity we personally encounter comes from
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the natural environment
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21) Compared to the mass of a uranium nucleus before splitting, the pieces it splits into have
A) the same mass. B) less mass. C) more mass.
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less mass
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22) When radium (A = 88) emits an alpha particle, the resulting nucleus has atomic number
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86
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23) When an alpha particle is ejected from a nucleus, the nucleus then has less
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charge
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24) The mass of an atomic nucleon is nearly
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2,000 x mass of electron
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25) Control is exercised in a nuclear reactor by
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Absorbing excess neutrons with control rods
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26) U-235 and Pu-239 are both
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all of these (radioactive isotopes, heavier than lead, fissionable isotopes)
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27) In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is balanced by an equal number of
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orbital electrons
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28) The half—life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. If a 1—g sample of old carbon is 1/8 as radioactive as 1 g of a current sample, then the age of the old sample is about
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17190 years (HOW!!!)
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29) When U—235 undergoes fission, the two nuclei that result have a total of
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92 protons
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30) In the fissioning of uranium, a chain reaction is caused by
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ejected neutrons
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31) The source of the Earths natural heat is
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radioactive decay in the Earth's core.
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32) It's impossible for a hydrogen atom to emit an alpha particle.
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TRUE
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33) A gram of radioactive material has a half—life of one year. After 4 years, how much radioactive material will be left?
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1/16th - none of these
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34) Electrical forces inside a nucleus contribute nuclear
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instability
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35) The half-life of an isotope is one day. At the end of two days the amount that remains is
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one-quarter
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36) In nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions, the amount of mass converted to energy is about
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...
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37) The volume of matter comes mostly from its
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electrons
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38) Different isotopes of an element have different numbers of
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neutrons
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39) There is a greater proportion of carbon—14 in
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new bones
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40) The reason a granite block is mostly empty space is because the atoms in the granite are
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mostly empty space themselves
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41) The half-life on an isotope is one day. At the end of three days, how much of the isotope remains?
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one eight
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Characteristics of alpha radiation
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4 He
2
Alpha's composition the nuclei
Alpha's mass 4
Alpha's charge 2+
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Characteristics of beta radiation
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Beta's composition electrons
Beta's symbol 0
-1
Beta's mass 0
Beta's charge 1-
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Characteristics of gamma radiation
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Gamma's composition energy
Gamma's symbol 0 r
0
Gamma's mass 0
Gamma's charge 0
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Discuss two useful applications of radioactive isotopes.
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...
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Distinguish between an isotope and an ion.
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...
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What is meant by radioactive half-life? Give an example.
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...
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Discuss the hazards and benefits of nuclear power.
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...
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In a reactor core—what is a control rod? What is a moderator?
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-moderator slows down the speed
of the neutrons
-control rods prevent the chain reaction happening too quickly by absorbing nuetrons
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What is a chain reaction? Give an example.
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-a series of reactions that are triggered by an initial reaction.
-A nuclear reaction, in general, occurs when two isotopic nuclei collide, producing molecules different from the reactants, usually different species.
-fission and fussion
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What is critical mass?
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the amount of fissile material needed to sustain nuclear fission
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What is supercritical mass?
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an increasing rate of fission
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E=mc2-----Discuss the application of this equation to nuclear power.
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...
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PHYS 102: Study Guide