53 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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Ruffini's End Organs
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-Tonic (very slow adapting)
-Continuous touch pressure
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Merkel's Disks
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-Tonic
-Light Touch
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Meisner's Corpuscles
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-Phasic
-Touch (Texture)
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Hair End Organs
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-Phasic (rapid adaption)
-Light touch
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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-Phasic (very rapid adaptation)
-Deep pressure, vibration, proprioception
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Free Nerve Endings
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-Tonic (little-no adaptation)
- Pain, pressure, touch (A: fast)
- Itch, joint movement (C: slow)
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Cold Receptors
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-Tonic (incomplete adaptation)
-cold/cold pain
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Warmth Receptors
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-Tonic (Incomplete adaptation)
-heat/ heat pain
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Temperature Sensation
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-Not well understood
-Mostly transmitted through free nerve endings (thermoreceptors)
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Hot Flashes
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- Hormone signal malfunction "tells" hypothalamus that the body is too hot
- Body responds with temperature reduction mechanisms
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Thermoneutral Environment
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- Point where cold & warmth receptor intersect
~75 degrees normal
~55 degrees Marathon Runners b/c body producing way more heat
|
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Spacial Resolution Definition
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-The minimum physical distance btw stimuli that results in a two point stimulus being perceived as a two point stimulus.
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Spacial Resolution is a function of...
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-Receptor density
-Sensory fields
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Sensory Fields
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-Convergence of receptor neurons on one brain pathway
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Spatial Resolution Characteristics
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-Smallest for tongue (2 mm)
-Finger tips (4 mm)
-Largest for back (40 mm)
-Indirect relationship to receptive field size
|
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Tactile Resolution
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-Receptive field size
-Finger tips are better than palm of hand, etc...
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Pain
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-An unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
-Most subjective of our senses
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IASP
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-International Association for the Study of Pain
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Pain influenced by...
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-Past experiences & sleep disturbances
-Emotion
-Individual variation & cultural influences
-Loss of social rank/status
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Pain threshold lowered by...
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-anger
-anxiety
-depression
-isolation
-chronic pain
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Pain threshold raised by...
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-diversion
-empathy
-rest
-sympathy
-medication
|
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Reflexes involved with activation of nociceptors...
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^ Heart Rate
^ Blood Pressure
^ Respiratory Rate
^ Sweating
^ Pain site blood flow
- Dilated pupils
- Spasm of nearby muscles
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Consequences of unresolved pain
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1) Increasing Physiological Stress
2) Diminishing immune function
3) Reducing mobility & other physical capability
4) Increasing chances of thromboembolism
5) Increasing the work of breathing & myocardial oxygen requirements
6) Sleep disturbances
7) Decline in recreational, social &…
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CIPA
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-Congenital Insensitivity to Pain w/ Anhidrosis
-Unable to feel pain or sense heat and cold
-Only 34 current cases in the US
|
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Gated Control Theory
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-Pain shares transducers & neural pathways w/ other sensations (light vs. heavy pressure)
-Transmission of all impulses is "gated" (regulated) at the spinal cord level
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Loesser's Onion Theory
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1st: tissue damage & receptor function
2nd: perception of pain
3rd: suffering
4th: pain behavior
5th: interaction w/ environment
*Only the 4th and 5th layer can be observed
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Contemporary Theory of Pain
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-Pain can be "amplified" or "dampened" at 3 levels:
1) Peripheral (pain sensors & surrounding influences)
2) Spinal Cord (gate mechanism)
3) Brain (emotions, experiences, culture, etc.)
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5-Hydroxytryptamine (Seratonin)
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-Common pain neurotransmitter
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Bradykinin
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-Common pain neurotransmitter
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Substance P
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-Common pain neurotransmitter
|
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Prostaglandulins
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-Enhance the sensitivity of pain receptors
-Recent studies suggest they may also activate the receptor
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Somatic Pain
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-Originates in joints, muscles, skin, or ligaments
-Responds well to NSAID's
-Described as aching, throbbing, stabbing, or pressure
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Visceral Pain
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-Originates in the internal organs or smooth muscle
-Usually requires narcotics
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Superficial Pain
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-Originates in the skin or mucous membranes
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Cancer Pain
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-Pressure from tumor on organs or nerves, fractures, muscle spasms
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Psychogenic Pain
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-Real to the patient but originates from psychological factors
|
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Referred Pain
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-Pain occurs at an area different from tissue origin
-Heart attack, appendicitis...
|
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Vascular Pain
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-Originates from vascular pathology
-Inflammation causes change in blood flow
|
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Migraine Headaches
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-Severe throbbing unilateral pain lasting 4 - 72 hours
-Affects ~ 24 million Americans
-Cause is not completely clear
-Affects woman more than men
|
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Migraine triggers
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-Barometric pressure change
-Estrogen cycle
-Hunger
-Insomnia
-Stress
|
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Prophylactic Therapy for Migraines
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-Beta blockers
-Calcium channel blockers
-Antidepressants
-Anticonvulsants (Topomax; Topiramate)
|
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Abortive Therapy for Migraines
|
-Various NSAID's
-5-Hydroxytriptamine (Seratonin) agonist
*Imitrex, Relpax, Frova, Migranal...
|
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Fast Pain
|
-Usually travels a direct route to higher neurocenters
-Localized pain lasting only as long as receptor is stimulated
|
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Slow Pain
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-Usually travels a multisynaptic route to higher neurocenters
-Usually from visceral sources (cancer or smooth muscle pain)
|
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Acute Pain
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-Temporary pain resulting from tissue damage, infection, or acute inflammation
-Warning system
-Most often very treatable
|
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Chronic Pain
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-Continual firing of non-adapting receptors for weeks, months, years...
~86 million Americans (9% - 11% pop)
-More woman than men
-Only about 8,000 MDs that are chronic pain specialists
|
|
Chronic Pain terrible triad
|
1) Suffering
2) Sleeplessness
3) Sadness
|
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Causes of Chronic Pain
|
-Displacement of tissues causing ischemia, inflammation, & tissue destruction
-An initial injury or pathology that is not resolved or cured
-Back spasm, ruptured disk in back, unresolved infection, cancer, arthritis...
-Damage or malfunction in the nervous system
|
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Chronic Pain processing
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-Unlike acute pain, it passes through the hypothalamus & limbic system before reaching the brain
-Hypothalamus releases stress hormone, cortisol
-Limbic System is connected to emotional centers
|
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Neuropathic Pain
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-Results from damage to CNS fibers or periphery nerve fibers
-Often triggered by past pain or disease, but hard to pinpoint exact cause
-May result from cell content spillage or unresolved inflammation
-Described as tingling, burning, searing, sharp, & shooting sensations
|
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Allodynia
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-Pain resulting from non-painful stimuli
-Common in neuropathic pain
|
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Phantom Pain
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-Pain in a limb no longer present
-May dissipate over time
-50%-80% of amputees experience phantom pain
|
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Causal Theories of Phantom Pain
|
-Remaining proximal neurons activated by sensory/pain neurons close by
-Parts of the thalamus continues to send signals to higher centers (cortex)
-Loss of sensory input from amputated limb causes ''crosswiring'' in cortex
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Kine 427 Exam 2