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PSYC 101: Exam 2
Pupil
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Opening in the middle of the iris. Size depends on amount of light.
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Rods
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Best in dim light. Sensitive to light, but not color.
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Cones
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Located in fovea. Bright light. Light-sensitive, but respond to color. Help to see detail & color.
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Cornea
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Curved, transparent protective layer where light first enters the eye. Helps focus vision.
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Retina
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Light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain photo activation. Contains photoreceptors.
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Lens
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Bends the light rays so that they can be properly focused on the retina.
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Optic Chiasm
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Where information from the two halves of the visual field cross before reaching the brain.
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Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
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Sound signals leave the ear through the ______, and are routed through the ______, and end up in the ______ in the brain.
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Iris
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Colored ring of muscle.
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Fovea
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Area of retina filled with cones.
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Photoreceptors
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Rods, Cones, & Fovea
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Blind Spot
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Where the optic nerve leaves the retina.
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Trichromatic (trichromacy) Theory
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Three different color-sensitive cells.
1.Blue-violet colors (S-cones)
2. Green colors (M-cones)
3. Red-yellow colors (L-cones)
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Opponent Process Theory
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Two pairs of basic colors work in opposite to each other.
1. Blue-yellow
2. Red-green
3. Black-white
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Depth Perception
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The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. Largely due to having two eyes.
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Binocular Depth Cues
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Provide cues about environment based on different views from two eyes. Provides info. about distance, volume, size, & depth perception.
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Binocular Disparity
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Allows for slightly different views from each eye. Different retinal images received by each eye.
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Monocular Cues
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Cues from the eye. Requires only one eye to provide depth perception.
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Motion Parallax
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Perception of motion. Nearby objects appear to move faster in the opposite direction than those that are further away. (one eye)
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Linear Perspective
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Parallel lines converge toward one another as they recede into the distance.
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Relative Size
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Objects that are of similar size, when seen as smaller, are perceived as being further away.
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Texture Gradient
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The further away you are details become less clear.
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Perceptual Constancy
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Objects maintain size, shape, and color despite changes in retinal image.
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Visual Illusions
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Physical stimuli that produce errors in perception (such as the Muller-Lyer Illusion).
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Vestibulo Ocular Reflex
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You can move your head while still looking directly at something.
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Inattentional Blindness
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Being unable to see changes occur around you because you are only focused on one thing.
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Loudness
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Pressure
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Pitch
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Frequency
High = Short Wavelength
Low = Long Wavelength
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Timbre
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Distinction
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Sound
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Movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibrations.
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Outer Ear
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Detect direction (location of sound). Includes Pima & Ear Canal
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Middle Ear
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Amplifies sound. Includes Hammer, Anvil, & Stirrup.
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Inner Ear
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Location of receptor cells (Cochlea & Basilar Membrane).
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Frequency Analysis
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Process through which multiple stages of analysis before reaching the auditory cortex.
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Audibility
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Range of sounds overlap (20hz-20kHz).
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Masking
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Swamps, Suppression, & Low Frequency > High Frequency.
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Gestalt Heuristic
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Sounds that are close, in time or frequency, tend to be grouped together.
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Gestalt Principles
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Principles on how we organize information into meaningful wholes.
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Closure
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The brain fills in gaps of an incomplete figure.
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Proximity
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Elements near each other are perceived as being part of the same configuration.
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Similarity
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Tend to group stimuli that are similar together.
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Simplicity
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(Law of Pragnanz or "good form"). Brain puts things in the most simplest form possible.
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Decibels
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Sound intensity.
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Synesthesia
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Pairing one or more sense to a thing.
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Hallucinogens
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Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process. Cannabis, MDMA, LSD.
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Narcotics
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Provide pain relief by stimulating receptors normally activated by endorphins & inducing euphoria by increasing dopamine activity. Heroin, Morphine, Opiates.
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Stimulants
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Drugs that increase neural firing & arouse the nervous system. Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Adderall.
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Depressants
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Decrease nervous system activity. Alcohol, Barbiturates, Rohypnol.
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Insomnia
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Chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.
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Narcolepsy
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Extreme daytime sleepiness & sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks that last from less than a minute to an hour.
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Sleep Apnea
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Breathing is repeatedly stopped & restarted during sleep. Related to SID's because they both stop breathing.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
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Loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-paralysis is absent.
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REM Periods
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When you reach stage 1, you go into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. (Paralyzed, high-frequency beta waves, vivid dreams)
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Stages of Sleep
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As you fall asleep, brain waves become higher in amplitude & slower in frequency.
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Stage 1 (NREM)
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Brief transitional stage of light sleep. Prominent theta EEG waves.
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Stage 2 (NREM)
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Sleep spindles with mixed EEG activity. Breathing, respiration, muscle tone, body temp., & heart rate decline.
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Stage 3 (NREM)
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Prominent low-frequency delta waves. Reach slow-wave sleep in an hour, & after about 30 mins begin to move back up through the stages of sleep. Difficult to wake.
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Rubber-hand Illusion
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Tricks the brain into thinking that the rubber hand is your own hand.
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Non-Conscious Memory
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Not affected in amnesia patients.
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Conscious Memory
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Free recall or episodic recollection.
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Information Integration Theory
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The level of awareness depends on the complexity of the structure of shared information.
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Global Neuronal Workspace Theory
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Awareness requires the sharing of information among prefrontal, inferior parietal, & occipital regions of the cerebral cortex.
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Cortical Blindness (blindsight)
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Damage to V1 area of brain. Patient is consciously blind.
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Motion-Induced Blindness
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Things around you disappear, though you are paying close attention.
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Consciousness
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The awareness of internal & external stimuli.
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Basilar Membrane
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Located in inner ear. Is covered with hair cells
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