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BIOL 101: Exam 1
First part of cell theory
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All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
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Second part of cell theory
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Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism.
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Third part of cell theory
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All cells come from other cells.
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Unifying Theme 1 of Biology
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Life is organized on many structural levels
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Unifying Theme 2 of Biology
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Emergent properties
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Unifying Theme 3 of Biology
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Cellular basis of life
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Unifying Theme 4 of Biology
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Heritable information
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Unifying Theme 5 of Biology
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Correlation of structure and function
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Unifying Theme 6 of Biology
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Unity in diversity
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Theory of evolution
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greatest unifying theme in biology
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Atomic number
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the number of protons
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Mass number
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the sum of protons + neutrons
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Atomic mass
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Also known as atomic weight; the weighted average mass of an atom
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The four elements that make up 96% of living matter
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Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)
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Isotope
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the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
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Unstable isotopes
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radioisotopes or radioactive
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The chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on
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the number of electrons in its outermost shell
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How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?
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2
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How many electrons can the second electron shell hold?
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8
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How many electrons can the third electron shell hold?
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18
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Valence
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the atom's bonding capacity; # of electrons needed to fill its outer shell
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An atom with a completed valence shell is
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Unreactive or inert
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Two strongest bonds
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covalent and ionic
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Electronegativity
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an atom's ability to attract electrons
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Anion
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an ion with a - charge
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Cation
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an ion with a + charge
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Covalent Bonds
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the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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two atoms share a pair of electrons EQUALLY because they have the same electronegativity (ability to attract electrons)
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Polar covalent bond
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two atoms share a pair of electrons UNEQUALLY because one of the atoms has a higher electronegativity
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One of the most electronegative of all the elements
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Oxygen
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Ionic Bonds
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bond formed after one atom strips the other atom of an electron, making one atom an anion and the other a cation, then the two bond to create an ionic bond
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Hydrogen Bonds
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the noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen)
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Hydrophobic Bonds
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tendency of nonpolar molecules to avoid H2O (a polar substance) and thus associate with each other
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Solution
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liquid which is a homogeneous mix of 2 or more substances
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Solute
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substance that is dissolved
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Solvent
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the dissolving agent
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Water is a _______ molecule
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polar
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An acid _____ to the solution
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adds H+
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A base
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reduces H+ (by holding H+ or donating OH-)
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pH =
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-log[H+]
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mole
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# of grams of a substance equal to its molecular weight (in Daltons)
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molecular weight
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sum of the atomic masses of each atom in the molecule
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molar
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# of moles of a solute in 1 liter (M) of solution
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Carbon
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element of life
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Isomers
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compounds with same molecular formula but different structures (different structures mean different functions)
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Three kinds of isomers
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Structural isomers, Geometric isomers, Optical isomers (stereoisomers)
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Hydrocarbons
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molecules containing only C and H
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Functional groups
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specific groups of atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton
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Six Major Functional Groups
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Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amine, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate
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Two weak bonds
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hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds
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Unique characteristic of water 1
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High specific heat = amount of heat (in calories) required to raise to the temperature of a substance by 1 degree
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Unique characteristic of water 2
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Water expands when it freezes
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Unique characteristic of water 3
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Water is the biological solvent
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Dehydration synthesis (removal of H20)
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Polymers are formed from monomers by a common chemical process
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Four classes of macromolecules
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Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
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Monomer for proteins
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amino acids
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Monomer for lipids
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glyceride + 1 fatty acid
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Monomer for nucleic acids
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Nucleotide
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Monomer for carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
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Monomer
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Small building blocks to make polymers
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When does hydrolysis occur?
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During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached.
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Disaccharides
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Two joined monosaccharides
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Function of polysaccharides
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Storage and structure
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Bond that connects amino acids
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peptide bond
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Bond that connects a glyceride + 1 fatty acid
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ester bond
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Bond that connects nucleotides
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hydrogen bond
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Bond that connects monosaccharides
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glycosidic bond
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Denaturation of proteins
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the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures.
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Electrogenic pump
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transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane by moving charged atoms or molecules
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