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HIST 106: Flashcards
Kellogg-Briand Pact |
Also called the Pact of Paris; eventually included all nations; shunned war; actually had little effect |
Axis Powers |
Italy, Germany, and Japan |
Neutrality Acts |
Three acts: forbade selling munitions, lending money to belligerents in a war, remaining trade must be a cash-and-carry basis |
Lend-Lease |
allows the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfew war materials to any country whose defense he declared as vital to that of the US |
Pearl Harbor |
Japanese warplanes attacked US naval forces killing more than 2400 Americans |
D-Day |
Allied troops crossed English Channel into France and opened a second front; D stands for disembarkation: to leave a ship and go ashore |
Nazi Holocaust |
Slaughter of six millions Jews by Hitler's regime |
Yalta Conference |
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to final plans for the defeat of Germany; a significant diplomatic victory of the Soviets |
Manhattan Project |
Top secret WWII program that produced the first atomic weapons |
Potsdam Conference |
Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed future of Europe; failed to reach agreements; led to the onset of the Cold War |
Iron Curtain |
Refers to the boundaries in Europe that divided Soviet-domination (eastern and central) and free from Soviet control (western) |
Baruch Plan |
American plan to control and eventually outlaw nuclear weapons; Soviet insistence on immediate nuclear disarmament without inspection doomed the plan and led to arms race |
Containment |
The basic strategy of the US through the Cold War; believed American resistance to soviet expansion would eventually compel Moscow to adopt more peaceful policies; proposed by George Kennan |
Truman Doctrine |
The US was committed to support free people everywehre who were resisting subjugation by communist attack or rebellion; used to aid the Greek and Turkish govts |
Marshall Plan |
a program to rebuild the war-torn economies of western European nations |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
US and ten nations formed the military mutual-defense pact. Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact |
Berlin Airlift |
After the Soviets blockaded Berlin, the US supplied the two million Berlin citizens with food, fuel, and other goods by air for more than six months; also transferred planes capable of delivering a-bombs, but he was bluffing, but it worked |
National Security Act |
Established the Department of Defense and created the CIA and National Security Council |
NSC-68 |
Committed the US to a massive military buildup to meet the challenge posed by the Soviet Union; stood as a symbol of the Truman administrations' determination to win the Cold War regardless of cost |
Taft-Hartley Act |
Outlawed the closed shop and secondary boycotts; also authorized the president to seek injunctions to prevent strickes that posed a threat to national security |
McCarthyism |
Campaign against communists; become the contemporary name for the Red Scare |
Levittown |
inexpensive homes in suburban NY to help relieve the postwar housing shortage; others built in Penn and NJ |
Baby Boom |
Post WWII booming birth rate after the war |
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka |
reversed the Plessy v Ferguson decision that established the "seperate but equal"; found segegration inherently unequal and left profound psychological damage to African American children, violating the 14th Amendment |
Montgomery Bus Boycott |
Led by MLKJ; after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move to the back of a bus |
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) |
Founded by MLKJ to direct the crusade against segregation; weapon was passive resistance |
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
Advocated black power (broke with MLKJ to advocate acts of violence) (used peaceful, confrontation) |
New Frontier |
the campaign program advocated by JFK; promised to revitalized the stagnant economy |
Bay of Pigs |
A group of Cuban exiles supported by the CIA landed in Cuba in an effort to overthrow Castro; ended in disaster |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
US and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba |
Freedom Ride |
Bus trips taken by both black and white civil rights advocates; designed to test the enforcement of federal regulations that prohibited segregation in interstate publis transportation |
March on Washington |
Wanted to urge passage of JFK's civil rights bill; MLKJ gave his I Have a Dream speech |
War on Poverty |
LBJ declared war on poverty in his State of the Union address; Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor |
Great Society |
LBJ called his version of the Democratic reform program; including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education |
Medicare |
provided Social Security funding for hospitalization insurance for people over age 65 |
Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
effectively banned literacy tests for voting rights and provided for federal registrars to assure the franchise of minority voters |
Golf of Tonkin Resolution |
LBJ persuaded Congress to pass a resolution giving him the authority to use armed force in Vietnam |
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
popular college student organization that protested racial injustice and the Vietname War |
National Organization for Women (NOW) |
called for EEO and equal pay for women; also called for legalization of abortion |
Tet Offensive |
led LBJ to end the escalation of the Vietnom war and seek a negotiated peace |
Moral Majority |
Revered Jerry Falwell founded this to combat "amoral liberties," drug abuse, coddling of criminals, homosexuality, communism, and abortion |
Neoconservatism |
former liberals who advocated a strong stand against communism; stressed the positive values of American society |
Detente |
Nixon and Kissinger's policy meaning a relaxation of tension |
Strategix Arms Limitation talks (SALT) |
US and Soviet Union limited the deployment of ANTIBALLISTIC MISSILES (ABMs) and to freeze the number of offensive missiles for five years |
Watergate Scandal |
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices; carried out under the direction of White House staff members; forced Nixon to resign to avoid impeachment |
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
A cartel of oil-exporting nations; quadruple the price of oil |
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
a measure deisgned to guarantee women equal treatment under the law; fell three states short of ratification |
Roe v Wade |
women had a constitutional right to abortion in the early stages of pregnancy |
Camp David Accords |
Carter mediated a peace agreement between the leaders of Egypt and Israel |
Iranian hostage Crisis |
Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy and held 53 American dipolmats hostage for over a year; let them go the day Reagan became president |
Supply-Side Economics |
claimed that tax cuts would stimulate the economy by giving individuals a greater incentive to earn more money, which would lead to greater investments and eventually larger tax revenues at a lower rate |
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) |
Known as Star Wars; proposed the construction of a computer-controlled, antimissile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer space |
Iran-Contra Affair |
involved officials high in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran and using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua (oliver north) |
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) |
Signed by Reagan and Gorbachev; this agreement provided for the destruction of all intermediate-range nuclear missiles and permitted onsite inspection for the first time during the Cold War |
Adolf Hitler |
National Socialist, or Nazi movement; took Germany out of the League of Nations |
Benito Mussolini |
Italian dictator; invaded Ethiopia |
All Quiet on the Western Front |
Erich Maria Remarque; reminded people of the brutality of war |
American's Road to War |
Walter Millis |
Start of WWII |
Hitler invaded Poland; Roosevelt proclaimed neutrality |
The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies |
Known as the White Committee; advocated unlimited assistance to England, short of war |
Tripartite Pact |
Japan, Germany, and Italy signed the defensive treaty that confronted the US with a possible two-oceanwar |
How US entered WWII |
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor; Roosevelt asked for declaration of war; only one dissenting vote, then Germany and Italy declared war on US |
Declaration of United Nations |
Roosevelt and Churchill along with 26 other countries that pledged to fight until the Axis powers were defeated; later declared a policy of unconditional surrender |
General George Patton |
drove Germany from Africa |
Battle of Midway |
Japan lost four aircraft carriers; US only lost one; left US in control of Pacific |
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) |
banned racial discrimination in war industries; also denied fed aid to any state that condoned segregation |
88th Division |
Made up largely of Mexican American troops; known as Blue Devils |
Nisei |
Native Born Americans whose ancestry was Japanese |
K1C2 |
Korea, communism, and corruption |
Baby and Child Care |
Dr. Benjamin Spock |
On the Road |
Jack Kerouac |
Beatniks |
identified by their long hair and bizarre clothing; sexual promiscuitity and drug experimentation |
James Meredith |
sought acceptance to an all white university; a mob attacked, but countered by National Guard; he graduated |
"The Johnson Treatment" |
the ability to use persuasion to reach goals |
The Arrogance of Power |
J. William Fulbright |
Timothy Leary |
former harvard psychology prof who tried out the drug scene with pot and lsd |
Cesar Chavez |
boycott of grapes; raised hourly wage of farmworkers |
The Feminine Mystique |
Betty Friedan |
Proposition 13 |
slashed property taxes in half |
Engel v Vitale |
outlawed school prayer |
Negotiation with Hanoi |
in return for release of all american prisoners of war, the US agreed to remove troops from south vietnam; ended up communist; proved vietname war was a total failure |
Six Day war |
Israel and Saudi Arabia |
Women to Supreme Court |
Reagan: sandra day o'connor Clintin: Ruth bader ginsburg |
Hyde Amendment |
denied the use of federal funds to pay for abortions for poor women |
Stonewall Inn |
In Greenwich villiage; gay bar |
"Outing" |
releasing names of prominent gays, primarily politicians and movie stars |
"Don't ask, don't tell" |
Clinton's idea...you could be in the military if you were gay and didn't say anything about it |
Matthew Shephard |
a 21 yr old gay college student; victim of a hate crime |
Defense of Marriage Act |
states did not ahve to recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere |
Pardoned Nixon |
ford |
"National Malaise" |
speech by carter blaming the american people |
"Misery Index" |
dubbed by reagan; combined rate of inflation and unemployment |
Boland Amendment |
prhobited any US agency from spending money in central america |