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SOCY 101: Final Exam
Family
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social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
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Kinship
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a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
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Marriage
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a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
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Extended family
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a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin, also known as a consanguine family
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Nuclear family
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a family composed of one or two parents and their children, also known as a conjugal family
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Endogamy
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marriage between people of the same social category
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Monogamy
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marriage that unites two partners
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Polygamy
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marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
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Descent
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the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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Homogamy
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marriage between people with the same social characteristics
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Infidelity
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sexual activity outside of one’s marriage
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Cohabitation
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the sharing of household by an unmarried couple
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Religion
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is a major social institution based on setting the sacred apart from the profane.
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Sacred
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set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence
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Profane
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included as in ordinary element of every day life, relating or devoted to that which is not sacred or biblical; secular rather than religious
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Ritual
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formal, ceremonial behavior
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Liberation theology
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is the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character.
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Church
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a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
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State church
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a church formally linked to the state
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Denomination
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a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
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sect
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a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
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Cult
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a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions
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Charisma
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extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
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Animism
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the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
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Religiosity
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the importance of religion in a person’s life
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Secularization
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the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
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Civil religion
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a quasi-religious loyalty linking individuals in a basically secular society
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Fundamentalism
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a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion
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Education
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the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values
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Schooling
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formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
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Tracking
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assigning students to different types of educational programs
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Functional illiteracy
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a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
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Mainstreaming
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integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the overall educational program
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Health
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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Medicine
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the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health
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Social epidemiology
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population
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Eating disorder
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a physical and mental disorder that involves intense dieting or other unhealthy methods of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin
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Euthanasia
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assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease (also known as mercy killing)
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Holistic medicine
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an approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment
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Socialized medicine
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a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians
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Direct-fee system
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a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals
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Health maintenance organization (HMO)
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an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee
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Demography
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the study of human population
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Fertility
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the incidence of child-bearing in a country’s population
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Crude birth rate
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the number of births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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Infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year
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Life expectancy
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the average life span of a country’s population
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Migration
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is the movement of people into and out of a specified country’s population.
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net migration rate
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is the difference between the in-migration and out-migration rate
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Sex ratio
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is the number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population.
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Age-sex pyramid
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is a graphic representation of the age and sex of a population.
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Demographic transition theory
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theory claims that technological advances slow population increase
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Urbanization
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is the concentration of population into cities
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Mechanical solidarity
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social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values, typical of traditional, rural life
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Organic solidarity
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-social bonds based on specialization and interdependence
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Global warming
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is a rise in Earth’s average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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Ecology
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is the study of interaction of living organisms and the natural environment.
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Environmental deficit
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is profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence.
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Environmental racism
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is patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards.
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Ecologically sustainable culture
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a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations.
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Social change
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is the transformation of culture and social institutions over time.
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Collective behavior
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is activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and can bring about change.
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Crowd
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is a temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another.
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Mob
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is a highly emotional crowd that purses a violent or destructive goal.
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Riot
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is a social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, and undirected.
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Rumor
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is unconfirmed information that people spread informally, by word of mouth or by using electronic devices.
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Fashion
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is social patterns favored by a large number of people.
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Fad
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is an unconventional social pattern that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically.
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Social movement
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is an organized activity in which people set out to encourage or discourage social change.
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Claims making
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is the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue.
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Disaster
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is an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property.
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Modernity
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is changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
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Modernization
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is the process of social change begun by industrialization.
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Division of labor
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is specialized economic activity.
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Anomie
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is Durkheim’s term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
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