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BIOL 101: Exam 2
Animals store energy in the form of
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glycogen
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The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by what kind of bonds?
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Hydrogen bonds
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A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
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phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
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Nucleotides are linked by what kind of bond?
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Phosphodiester bond
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In nucleotides, the phosphate group is bonded to the
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sugar
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In nucleotides, the nitrogenous base is bonded to the
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sugar
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What forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?
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sugar and phosphate
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The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented _________ to each other.
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antiparallel
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Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?
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Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure
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What is characteristic of unsaturated fats?
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They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
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What does cholesterol have in common with sex hormones?
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Four linked rings
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The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
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Lipids
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Why does the body make cholesterol?
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Cholesterol is the basis for many steroid molecules, including sex hormones.
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A lysozyme is ______________
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an enzyme that helps fight off infections by breaking down the tough bacterial cell wall.
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What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
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It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.
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Glycosidic linkages join simple sugars to form ______________
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polysaccharides
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Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____.
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Glycosidic linkage
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What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
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dehydration reactions
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Starch and cellulose are both polymers of what?
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glucose
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Where are ribosomal subunits made?
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nucleolus
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What is the name given to the strands containing DNA (genes) along with associated protein?
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chromatin
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What is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
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nuclear membrane
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Which large organelle contains most of the genes that control the cell?
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nucleus
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The organelle that carries out cellular respiration
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mitochondria
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What small structures serve as the sites of protein synthesis?
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ribosomes
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Membranous tubules and sacs where secretory proteins and membranes are manufactured
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rough ER
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The portion of the endomembrane system important in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage
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smooth ER
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Organelle that modifies, stores, and repackages products of the ER, mostly for secretion
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Golgi apparatus
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Where would you find a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, recycling, and development?
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lysosome
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The rods that shape and support the cell, and serve as tracks along which other organelles can move
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microtubules
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Which cell components are identical in structure to basal bodies?
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centrioles
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Which organelle carries out diverse metabolic processes and produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product, which it converts to water (H2O)?
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peroxisome
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What are thin, solid protein rods, especially numerous in muscle cells, involved in cell support and movement?
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microfilaments
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Cell junction that forms a barrier to the passage of materials; prevents fluids from moving between cells
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tight junctions
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What is the primary role of desmosomes (anchoring junctions)?
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To bind animal cells together
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Cell junction that aids in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells
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gap (communicating) junction
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The structural framework in a cell is called the
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cytoskeleton
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The endomembrane system includes:
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the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
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Where are lipids made in the cell?
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smooth ER
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The structures that are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface
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fimbriae
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What one word best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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manufacturing
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In facilitated diffusion, what is the role of the transport protein?
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Transport proteins provide a hydrophilic route for the solute to cross the membrane
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Why does the body make cholesterol?
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Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.
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Difference between channels and carrier proteins.
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Channels:
-transport water or inorganic ions
Carrier proteins:
-transport smaller molecules such as sugars or amino acids
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Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?
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hydrogen bonds
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Which RNA molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins?
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tRNA
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