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Exam I: History 105
models of interpretation for understanding european expansion and the transformation of the new world |
conquest, holocaust, encounters |
a narrative that emphasizes european superiority |
conquest model |
heroic adventurers, missionaries, and soldiers sharing western civilization with the peoples of the new world and opening a vast virgin land to economic development |
conquest model |
racist, incomplete, offensive |
conquest model |
depicts africans and native americans only as victims |
conquest model |
a narrative that focuses on the mass human suffering and ecological disaster |
holocaust model |
a narrative that provides a tripartite history of how three different peoples (europeans, africans, and native americans) each with their own unique culture and world view, met, and through a process of creative adaptations, established many new "American" societies |
ecounters model |
exchange of material goods, cultural ideas, and diseases between europeans and native americans |
columbian exchange |
what causes henry VII to break with the roman catholic church? |
the pope refuses to annul his marriage to catherine of aragon |
what causes the protestant reformation? |
henry VII's break with the RC church |
consequences of break with Rome |
birth of elizabeth, warfare with spain, puritans and other religious reformers, economic change and the "land grows weary of its people", roanoke and the "lost" colony |
the early history of jamestown was under the management of...? |
virginia company of london |
a time of starvation, disease, and cannibalism, only 60/500 survive |
winter 1609-1610 |
english settlers carry out a military raid against a nearby indian village |
august 1610 |
governor thomas dale arrives at jamestown and finds lazy english colonists who refuse to plant corn |
spring 1611 |
governor dale presides over the execution of settlers who have run away to live with the native americans |
spring 1612 |
absence of effective ___ and ___ in VA was a problem of early jamestown |
leadership, government |
___ problem was a problem because the englishmen were ___ |
labor, lazy |
a problem with early jamestown and the colony of VA was the ___ of the settlers |
character |
a problem with early jamestown and the colony of VA was a disjunction between...? |
original goals and the reality of the chesapeake |
a problem with early jamestown and the colony of VA was ...? |
native americans |
reforms of sir edwin sandys |
headrights, tenantry, end martial law, self-government |
continuing problems in jamestown |
high mortality rates among settlers, Indian attack of 1622 |
VA becomes a royal ___ when the ___ is revoked |
colony, charter |
because of ___ there was a need for white servant labor to work the fields |
tobacco |
between 1630's and 1640's...? |
death rate declines, pastoral agriculture takes hold, living with impermanence |
3 types of servanthood at the beginning of the tobacco boom |
bond servants, apprentices/duty boys, tenants |
as mortality rate declined, more and more white servants become ___ |
free |
VA needs ____ not freedom |
labor |
struggle for leadership between ___ and ___ in VA |
elites, newcomers |
uprising of restless freedmen |
Bacon's Rebellion |
lessons of bacon's rebellion |
white servants become a dangerous and revolutionary underclass |
search for a more permanent labor force leads to |
slavery |
had a fixation with personal discipline |
puritans |
henry wasn't interested in theology when he broke with the RC church, but some people saw this as an opportunity to reform the church. these people are the |
puritans |
wanted to rid the new english church of RC rituals |
puritans |
believed that a church is a voluntary organization of God's chosen (elect), church is exclusive and not everyone can be a member |
puritans |
wanted a highly educated clergy |
puritans |
puritans engage in self |
examination |
puritans felt a responsibility to help others get their lives in order because...? |
no one knew who was the "elect" |
this group believes that the church of england is so corrupt that it cannot be saved |
separatists |
openly repudiate the church of england |
separatists |
give up on the puritan object of reformation of the church |
separatists |
they leave england and go to holland |
separatists |
establish plymouth |
separatists |
non separatists settle...? |
massachusetts bay |
do not openly repudiate the church |
non separatists |
becomes massachusetts bay company |
new england company |
the charter from the king for the non separatists in MA bay did not stipulate.... |
where the governing council had to reside |
MA Bay is allowed to become a ____ settlement |
self-governing |
the belief that God had commanded them to go to america to build a place that could be an example for the church of england to follow |
city on a hill |
Puritanical belief that God was sovereign and active in the operation of the universe and the affairs of humankind and that no detail of human existence was too insignificant for God to care about |
providential diety |
coined the idea of a city on a hill, led the people to believe that if they did what God wanted, God would prosper them |
John winthrop |
ideology of puritans |
providential diety, predestination, conversion, individual behavior affects outcome of community |
only some are meant for salvation, leaves people with no incentive to do the right thing |
predestination |
might offer you some security, might allow you admittance into some churches |
conversion |
a separatist puritan who believed only the elect should attend church (so much so that he and his wife were the only ones in church), didn't want separation of church and state, puritans banish him to RI |
roger williams |
anne hutchinson's belief that by faith and God's grace a christian is freed from all laws |
antinomianism |
puritans didn't like this because it took power away from the church |
antinomianism |
she suggested a covenant of grace rather than a covenant of works |
anne hutchinson |
had to participate in a trial with puritans but was well educated enough to stand her own |
anne hutchinson |
believers in extreme antinomianism |
quakers |
saw no need for learned ministry, a product of social upheaval in england during the english civil war |
quakers |
derogatory term used for people who "tremble before the lord" |
quakers |
preferred being called professors of light and friends |
quakers |
what was the generational conflict among the puritans? |
the second generation of puritans was not as intensive religiously |
the children are more ___ and the parents are more ___ |
materialistic, religious |
children were ___ failures but ___ successes |
religious, economic |
gave children half way membership into church |
half way covenant |
major indian war (indian's almost win), many men die, many refugees go to Boston, puritans believe this is a sign of God's displeasure with the colony |
king phillip's war |
hurricane, devastated cattle population, and fire led the puritans to believe...? |
god was punishing them |
once the english civil war was over, what happened that caused the americans to think that God was punishing them? |
revocation of the charter |
england's decision to lump the colonies together with one governor for all of them, imposes navigation laws, limited to one town meeting per year |
dominion of new england |
during this time 19 people died in the ? |
salem witch trials |
a person is free to do what is right so long as the community decides what is right |
ordered liberty |
who believed in ordered liberty? |
puritans |
in order for someone to be free others must be enslaved |
hegemonic liberty |
who believed in hegemonic liberty? |
royalist virginia |
freedom is a universal right, freedom for me and for thou |
reciprocal liberty |
who believed reciprocal liberty? |
quakers |
staying out of people's business, little room for government |
natural liberty |
who believes in natural liberty? |
scots and irish |
who believes in no government? |
native americans |
someone who's free has control over their own life |
personal independence |
who believed in personal independence |
african americans |
natural population increase due to |
low infant mortality, america is becoming healthier, women marry earlier |
__ represents new opportunities and possibilities |
west |
___ is an economic asset and also a principle ingredient of republican citizenship |
land |
when there are too many people occupy a land and there is not enough food supply for everyone |
malthusian ecological crisis |
the malthusian ecological crisis pushes what? |
westward expansion |
americans are buying more and more finished goods from england |
commercial revolution |
serious of religious revivals in MA that spread to many other parts of america |
great awakening |
sinners in the hands of an angry god |
jonathon edwards |
they move around and travel, go from region to region |
itinerant preachers |
welfare of community is better than the self interest of any individual |
corporatism |
corporatism vs. ___ |
social independence |
urban vs. __ |
rural |
has a distrust of centralized government |
rural |
final settlement of longstanding political conflict between king and parliament |
glorious revolution |
4 major wars |
king williams war, queen anne's war, king geroge's war, french and indian war (7 years war in europe) |
things that were so valuable they had to be shipped directly to enland |
enumerated commodities |
imperial reorganization |
1763-1765 |
forbade settlers from settling past a point along the appalachian mountains |
proclamation of 1763 |
established writs of assistance (general search warrants), regulating trade vs. taxation, duties |
sugar (revenue act) 1764 |
tax on use of paper, had to be paid in specie (gold/silver) |
stamp act 1765 |
colonial response to tax acts |
boycotts, social uprising (crowd action/violence against property) |
determined that colonists had rights because they were englishmen (right to self govern and no taxation without representation) |
stamp act congress |
parliament's response to colonial response |
repeal of stamp act, 1766 |
asserted parliament's authority to pass laws in america |
declaratory act, 1766 |
parliament invites him to come talk with them |
ben franklin |
created new external taxes, new customs service set up in boston, uses writs of assistance, prosecutes smugglers |
townshend acts, 1767 |
crowd actions because of the customs service cause tension that results in the |
boston massacre |
colonists threw tea into the harbor |
boston tea party |
closed down port of boston, military government, troops could quarter where they needed to, justice act |
coercive acts |
if a citizen should be killed as a result with a solider, the solider in question wouldn't have to face trial in boston |
justice act |
declares that parliament has no authority in america |
first continental congress |
calls for americans to break ties with king george II and not pledge allegiance to him |
common sense |
states that ordinary folks are good and can be trusted, they have enough good sense to govern themselves |
common sense |
states that the purpose of government is to protect people's rights, government derives its power from the people, the people have the right to rebel |
declaration of independence |
declares america independent and gives a list of grievances |
declaration of independence |
shoemaker in boston who was invited to john hancock's house, breaking of class system |
george robert twelves hewes |
became citizens after revolutionary war |
women |