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SOCI 205: EXAM 2
Social Class |
- social ranking based on economic position.
- boundaries are imprecisely defined.
- hierarchies and patterns of division. |
Upper class |
-social class broadly composed of the more affluential members of society, especially those who have inherit wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks.
- The 1%, which holds 40% of America's wealth, own half of the countries stocks, bonds and mutual funds. The richest 400 people hold more wealth than 185 million Americans. |
Middle Class |
social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations
|
working class |
social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual occupations |
Feminization of Poverty |
- Women are more likely than men to live in poverty.
- gender gap in wages.
- higher percentages of single mothers compared to single fathers.
- increasing cost of child care. |
Social Stratification |
- the structuring of inequalities between groups in society.
- hierarchy based on access to wealth, power, and status.
- your social stratification influences every part of your life.
|
Social Caste |
-hereditary social ranking
-india through hinduism.
- Jim Crow US south.
-Apartheid South Africa.
|
Social Mobility |
movement of individuals or groups between different social positions.
|
Slavery |
a form of social stratification in which some people are literally owned by others as their property |
Wealth |
-all assets an individual owns.
- cash, savings, stocks, property.
- intergenerational. |
Income |
wage or salaries |
Income Inequality |
... |
The Use of Poverty |
... |
Gender |
social structural roles, behaviors, activities that society develops for representations of masculinity and femininity.
|
Sex |
biological and physical attributes that define male and female. |
Social Construction |
an idea or practice that a group of people agree exists and that is maintained overtime because people take its existence for granted. |
Third Gender |
- several countries have legally accepted the concept.
-Sweden: Hen.
- Samoa: Fa'afafaine.
- Pakistan: Berdache. |
Intersex |
- Historically known as Hermaphrodites.
- deal with complex issues of gender.
- called for "corrective" procedures at birth. |
Transgender |
a person whose gender identity does not conform to their assigned biological sex.
|
Patriarchy |
a society with historic unequal power relations between men and women, where women are disadvantage and oppressed.
|
Feminism |
the perspective used to understand gender inequality and to achieve equality between |
Glass Ceiling |
barrier placed on women's social mobility in the workplace and schools.
|
Occupational Segregation |
... |
Masculinity |
The pressure to conform to masculinity and to avoid expressing feelings. Boys are
taught to suppress emotions such as crying and fear. This hinders communication between husbands and wives, fathers and children. Tragedy of a man's inability to show feelings for others. |
Bromance |
friendship and affectionate two heterosexual male friend. |
Sexual Violence |
... |
Expressive Role |
- care and emotional support for children.
- women. |
Instrumental Role |
- breadwinners.
- men. |
Hollywood Age-Gap |
-more younger women are casted for movies/more older men are casted.
- based on idea that younger women are more attractive and older men are more attractiver
|
Housekeeping Monthly |
magazine in the 1950's teaching women how to be "perfect wives"
|
First Wave of Feminism |
- 1800's until 1920.
- Seneca Falls, New York 1848- first convention for women's rights.
- property rights, voting rights, dress reform.
- abolition movement framework. |
Second Wave of Feminism |
- 1960's- 1980's.
- Anti-war Movement.
- Civil rights movement.
- Rise of Feminist Theory in Academia.
|
Third Wave of Feminism |
-1990's-present.
- Categorized as a feminism focusing on youth and women of color.
- Intersectionality.
|
Types of Racism |
-Overt Racism: which categorizes much of early US history including the KKK, mob lynching, violence.
-Colorblind Racism: which is the belief that ignoring race and racial difference will produce racial equality.
-Institutional racism: is patterns of discrimination based on race that exists across social, political, and economic institutions of society. |
Racialization |
Process by which people use race to classify individuals or groups |
Segreation |
- separation of blacks and whites.
-348/48 (years under slavery/Jim Crow versus Years with equality). |
Genocide |
systematic, planed destruction of the racial, political, or cultural group. |
KKK |
- Racial hate group in the U.S.
- 4 million members in 1925.
- 5,000-8,000 in 2015 |
Prejudice |
Holding preconceived ideas bout an individual or group |
Minority Group |
a group of people in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality compared with the dominant group with that society.
|
Dominant Group |
... |
African American |
a person of African descent.
|
Mexican American |
a person of Mexican descent |
Asian American |
a person of Asian descent |
Immigration |
moving from one country to another.
|
Undocumented Immigrants |
-11.7 million undocumented immigrants in U.S.
- 60-70% are Mexican. |
Dream Act |
legislation that allows undocumented immigrant students to receive legal status.
- under 30.
- came to US before age of 15.
- graduated high school.
- attend two years of college or joined military.
- no criminal record
|
Functions of school |
Schools are a way to preserve societies culture and socialization of norms and values. It maintains social norms by teaching punctuality, discipline and work habits.
|
Hidden Curriculum |
- learn to speak towards authority figures.
- conformity in clothing and hairstyles.
- zero tolerance policy
- social stratification (impact of social class background on school success).
|
Concerted Cultivation |
... |
Gender and Schooling |
- studies in teacher and gender- implicit bias
- women high school graduation rate higher than men.
- more women in college.
- women are less likely to be in STEM.
|
Social Class and SAT Scores |
-affluent families can afford to give their children access to cultural activities, traveling, tutoring, private schooling.
- youths in families with $200,000 income achieve hundreds of points higher than youths in families with $20,000 income or less. |
Teacher-Expectancy Effect |
the impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on a students achievement. |
Self-fulfilling Prophecy |
an event that occurs because it is predicted |
Credentialism |
... |
Cultural Capital |
the advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children. |
Tracking |
- sorting students by ability
based on teacher's.
- judgement, grades, testing. |
Standardized Testing |
- teaching for the test.
- No Child Left Behind, school funding tied to performance.
- emphasis on math and reading, less room for the arts.
|