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POLI 101: Final Exam
The League of Nations (1919)
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Set up after WWI by Wilson to promote collective security
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The United Nations
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formed in 1945
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Three Pillars
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- Security
- Economic Development
- Human Rights
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General Assembly
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where all nations gather in NY; main function to control finances and money
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Security Council
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where power is held; actual decisions are made
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5 Permanent Security Council Members
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- US
- UK
- France
- Russia
- China
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10 Non-Permanent Security Council Members
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no power, rotate every 2 years
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Peacekeeping Problems
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- Difficult to enforce UN Politics
- Sovereignty problem
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Proposed Changes for Peacekeeping
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- Expand Security Council
- Right to Self-Defense
- Aftermath of War (Rebuilding)
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UN Programs: Development
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- UNEP: environmental
- UNDP: developmental
- UNCTAD: trade
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UN Programs: Human Rights
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- UNICEF: children's fund
- UNHCR: high commission on refugees
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UN Programs: Culture/Education
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- UNESCO: education and science
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UN Programs: Autonomous Agencies
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- WHO: World Health Organization (mainly Global South)
- FAO: Food & Agricultural Organization
- IMF: balance of payments, debt
- IBRD (World Bank): reconstruction & development, mainly Global South
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Marshall Plan (Post WWII)
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- main focus to rebuild Germany
- America invested in Europe
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Benelux (1944)
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Union of countries:
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Luxembourg
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Creation of the EEC (1958)
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European Economic Community
- Belgium
- France
- Italy
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- West Germany
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Maastricht Treaty (1993)
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created the EU as we know it
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Creation of the Euro (1999)
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common currency for EU
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European Commission
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- identifies policy problems & creates policy
- most powerful
- commission president (most powerful)
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Council of the EU (Upper House)
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- Legislative body
- votes on budgets
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European Parliament (Lower House)
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- vetoes can be made
- largest number of members
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European Court of Justice
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makes sure laws are upheld
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European Council
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- made up of heads of state of European countries
- Diplomatic forum
- maintain good diplomatic ties between countries
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Germany and France
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agree to become allies
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Criticisms of the EU
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- only for powerful countries
- built to great wealth
- centralizes power
- too ambitious
- ultimate goals are unclear
- economic unity (problem of rich vs. poor countries)
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International Law History
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- Roman Law
- Catholic Canon Law
- Islamic Sharia Law
- English Tort Law
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Catholic Canon Law
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legal framework of Catholic church
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English Tort Law
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wrongdoings taken care of
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Sources of International Law
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- treaties
- custom (how countries interact)
- criminal laws
- legal precedent
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Universal Rights
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Western; human rights universal
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Relative Rights
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Non-Western; rights relative to a specific culture
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Sources of Rights
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- religion
- natural rights
- modern revolutions
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IOs for Rights
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UDHR (1948): Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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NGOs for Rights
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Amnesty International
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Governments for Rights
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Western
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Geneva Convention
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created after WWII; standards for treating prisoners of war
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ICC
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International Criminal Court; tries war criminals
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Red Cross
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safe haven, human zone for ill
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Genocide
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the systematic killing of large number of people, based on religion, ethnicity, race, political opinion, social status, class
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Modern Era Cases: Colonial Era
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slave trade
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Modern Era Cases: 20th Century
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- WWI (Turkey-Armenia): 2-3 million killed
- WWII (Nazi Germany, Japan, USSR): highest number of killings in order
- Communist Rule (USSR, China, Kampuchea): largest number ever killed, around 70 million
- Africa (Rwanda, Sudan): over 1 million
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Stages of Genocide
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- classification of people
- polarization of people
- stigmatization of people (propaganda)
- organized imprisonment of people
- organized extermination of people
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Types of Slavery
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- chattel slavery
- serfdom
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Chattel Slavery
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simple piece of property can be bought or sold
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Serfdom
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slaves had certain human rights and never returned home
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Global Impact of Food Crisis
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- the world's poor
- the environment
- the trading system
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Reasons for Food Price Increase
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- rising population
- climate change
- consumer choices
- energy prices
- farm subsidies
- political instability
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Peasant (Subsistence) Agriculture
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peasant or farmer produces almost everything from land
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Industrial (Commercial) Agriculture
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machinery, chemicals, seed varieties, transportation changes
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Costs of Industrial Agriculture
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- benefits rich farmers
- increased energy use/pollution
- creates dependency
- food quality declines
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Solving Food Problems
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- more investment/research
- changing diets
- localized production
- food security
- America's role?
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Key Features of the Modern World
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1800-2000: six fold population increase (1-7 billion)
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Growth Rate
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the rate of growth expressed as a percentage
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Demography
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study of population, demographics
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Mortality Rate
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death rate usually measured by thousands
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Natality Rate
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number of births per thousands
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Fertility Rate
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average number of children per woman
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Avg. Life Expectancy
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average number of years a person lives in a society
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ZPG
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Zero Population Growth; number of births and deaths are roughly equal
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Largest Population
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China
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Second Largest Population
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India
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Third Largest Population
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Indonesia
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Fourth Largest Population
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US
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Highest Growth Rates
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African & Islamic countries
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Declining Birth Rates
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- most of Western Europe
- Russia
- Japan
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Population Debates
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- increase in numbers
- increase in consumers
- technology
- policies and customs
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Prospects/Trends of Population
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- carrying capacity of Earth
- impact of aging populations
- Global North vs. Global South
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Information - Govt. Agencies
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government are sources of information
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Research - Govt. Agencies
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cancer, etc.
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Prevention & Control Programs
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- insurance
- producing vaccines
- initiating quarantines
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Diseases of Modernity
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- cancer
- heart disease
- nervous disorders
- STDs
- new diseases?
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Historical Disease Cases
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- The Black Death (14th century)
- Great Influenza Pandemic (early 20th century)
- AIDS (late 20th century - present)
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Causes of Urbanization
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- weak rural economies
- environmental degradation
- population growth
- perceptions of wealth in cities
- warfare
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Consequences of Urbanization
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- economic dependence/vulnerability
- increased disease/poverty
- increased environmental (pollution) problems
- socially/politically unstable
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Acid Rain
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type of pollution caused by release of dioxides; burning of coal
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Treaty on Long Range Transboundary Pollution (1979)
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for acid rain; regime leader: Germany
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Ozone Depletion
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- protects Earth from harmful UV rays
- causes: CFCs
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Montreal Convention (1987)
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for ozone depletion; regime leader: USA
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Climate Change
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caused by greenhouse gases
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Geneva Convention (1991)
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for climate change
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Kyoto Protocol (1997-)
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current one for climate change;
regime leaders: island nations
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Toxic Waste
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by-product of industrial production
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Basel Convention (1992)
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for toxic waste; regime leader: Indonesia; ship waste overseas
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Deforestation of Tropical Forests
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- population growth
- development
- geography
- government policies
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Deforestation of Dryland
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- energy demand (wood)
- desertification
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Causes of Wildlife Depletion
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- poaching
- pet trade
- habitat loss
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Cases of Wildlife Depletion
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- Big Cats
- Elephants
- Rhinoceros
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WWF (1960s)
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formed by former hunters to protect animals
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CITES (1980s)
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control the trade of endangered species
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Causes of Over-Fishing
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- technology
- government policies
- market demand
- no international controls
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UN Law of the Sea (1982)
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governs use of oceans
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COFI
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Committee of Fisheries; mainly research and advocacy group
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Causes of Scarcity
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- overuse
- drought
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Areas of Potential Scarcity
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- Middle East
- North Africa
- Southwestern USA/ Mexico
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