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PSYC 320: EXAM 2
Ch 5
cephalocaudal pattern |
Growth Starts at head and downward backward direction. |
Ch 5
Proxmiodistal Pattern |
Growth, center and moves outward direction. |
Ch 5
skeletal age |
A measure of estimating physical maturity |
Ch 5
Plasticity |
Ability of brain to recover from brain damage |
Ch5
Gross motor Skills |
Large muscles: Arms, legs, trunk
Sequence follow cephalocaudal pattern:
Head- avg 6wks, range 3wks-4mos
Chest- avg 2mos, range-3wks-4mos
roll over- avg 4 mos, range 2-7mos
sit up- avg 7 mos, range 5-9mos
Crawl- avg 7 mos, range 5-11mos
Pull to a stand, avg 8mos range 5-12mos
Walk, avg 12mos, range- 9-17mos |
Ch 5
Fine Motor Skills
developmental progression of grasping behavior. |
Hands, Fingers
Follows proxmialdistal pattern:
Pre-reaching-birth- 3mos
visually guided reaching- 3mos
Ulnar Grasping- 3-4mos
transfer objects- 4-5mos
pincer grip- 9-12 mos |
Ch 5
Sutures |
Places where pieces of skull fuse togther |
Ch 5
Fontanelles
When do they close |
Soft spots of the skull
Back close first (mos), fronts close last (2years). |
Ch 5
Skeletal Age assessed |
looking at bone growth
gender differences in boys/girls. girls ahead in maturity.
Racial diff- Af. Am. ahead |
Ch 5
When do teeth appear?
what age are all teecth there?
how many?
what happens if they get them early? |
1st tooth- 6mos caucasions
1st tooth- Af Am. 4mos
by age 2 20 primary teeth |
Ch 5
developmental patterns are evident in brain plasticity and lateralization? |
Older you get lateralization increases, the more the brain is specialzed.
Negative realtionship b/w lateralization and plasticity, harder to recover from injury at old age. |
Ch5
Bottle feeding and Breast Feeding |
Breast feeding- nutrition, specific nutrients to grow.
1st 6mos recommeneded. |
Ch 5
marasmus.
What causes it? |
1st year when baby is born. Lacking in all nutrients and in danger of dying. , wasting away, body fat used up. |
Ch 5
kwashiorkor
what causes it. |
1-3yrs of berth. not enough protein in diet
bloded abs, hair loss, rashes, swollen feet. . |
Ch 5
Nonorganic failure to thrive
Causes |
Symptoms simliar to Marasmus (lack of nutrients, bused up body fat) Lack of affection, if placed in loving environment they will cathc up. |
Ch 5
development of visual acuity and depth perception. |
6mos vision is 20/20
visual cliff perception
Motion cues- birth, moving objects
binocular vision-2-3mos use both eyes
monocular/pictorial cues- 6/7mos. RR tracks, parallel lines |
Ch 6
Scheme |
refer to how we organize information, changes with each stage of cognitive development. |
Ch 6
assimliation |
incorporate new information |
Ch 6
Acomodation |
Change way we think |
Ch 6
circular reaction |
voluntary act or reflex generating repitition |
Ch 6
recognition memory |
3 mos- recognize soneone within 1 week
6-mos 2 weeks
1year- several weeks |
Ch 6
recall memory |
memory without prompt or cue
1 year- one month
2yrs- three months |
Ch 6
Working memory |
short term, consciousness, infor onnly stores for 30 seconds. |
Ch 6
Common errors:
Over extention
Under extention |
word that is used more than it should.
"kitty" is my cat, and no other. |
ch 6
Long term memory |
memory that is stored and learned, more permanent knowledge based. highly organized. |
Ch 6
Piaget's sensorimotor stage
6 substages |
1. Reflexive schemes- knowledge based on reflex
2. primary circular reactions- pleasurable experiences, body moevements
3. Seconday circular reactions- involves objects in the environment, "mobile"
4. Coordination of seconday circular reactions- goal directed behavior. AB search Error, 2 cloths toy under one.
5. Tertiay circular reactions- exp of properties of object, thrown off wall and bounces back
6. Mental representation- menalt images of things, sybolic function in language and in play |
Ch 6
habituation and dishabituation |
Habituation- reduce strength in response to a stimulus. doesnt pay attention
Dishabituation- renewed interest, looks away and then looks again |
Ch 6
Object permanence |
objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
evident at 3 1/2 mos. |
ch 6
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory |
Learning and cognitive devleopment take place in social context.
Zone of proximal devlopment
low limit- what one can do independently
upper limit- what a person can do with assistance |
ch 6
Infant intelligence tests |
developmental scales based on perceptional and motor skills.
Dq score - devleopmental quotient. measues language,motor, perception. DOES NOT PREDICT LATER IQ
Nancy baley scale- (cognitive scale)
language scale- sounds they make
motor- see what baby cna physically do
social/emotion- how they interact with others
adapative behavior- adapting with change. |
Ch 6
Good predictors of later intellectual functioning |
Fagan Test of infant intelligence
looks at habituation and dishabituation. |
Ch 6
Current day care in U.S |
quality varies greatly, determines how it affects development
only 20-25% offer +learning environment |
Ch 6
the sequence of language development in infancy
|
Cooing- soft vowel sounds
babbling- consenents/vowels
joint attention- you look at cup, baby looks at cup
Tune into cultural language- deaf babies no noise after 6mos
Receptive Vocabulary- certain words, names, precedes spraking
First word-12mos
halophrases- one word phrases
telegraphic- 2-3 word phrases
|
Ch 6
3 theories about language development. |
Skinner- Behaviorist- operant conditioning, reinforcement
Nativist- Chomsky- L.A.D Language Aquisition Device, decode phonological rules, what goes together. (cooing and babbling)
Interactionist- interactions between inner capactities and environmental influences |
Ch 7
Separation Anxiety |
Mom leaves room, object permanence. thinks about mother when she is not there |
Ch 7
Stranger Anxiety |
exposed to people who are unfamiliar to them. appears around 6mos |
Ch 7
social refrencing |
Look to another before they react. if moms upset, babies upset
if moms happy, babies happy |
ch 7
Symbiosis |
infants state of "oneness". with mom doenst know its separate |
Ch 7
temperment |
early and stable indiviual differences in reactivity and self regulation. |
Ch 7
Erikson's trust vs mstrust
and automomy and shame/doubt |
trust- needs are met, food, attentions, diaper.
mistrust outwighs trust- under neglect
Autonomy- walk, talk, toliet, build autonomy
shame/self doubt outweighs autonomy is too strict on toilet training |
Ch 7
Margaret Mahler’s theory of separation-individuation |
Separation- crawls away, leads to realization that one's separate
individuation- develops sense of self. know you're diff from other people.
separation precedes individuation |
Ch7
emotion self-regulation.
and strategies |
refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level where we can accomplish our goals.
Strategies:
turn away stimuli: something scary on tv, the child turns away.
approach and withdraw. stranger-withdraw
someone they know-appraoch
sucking- stressful- suck harder on pacficer |
Ch7
Thomas and Chess categories of Infant temperament
(DART IQ AAA) |
Distracability- puppet during crying
Activity level- active periods to inactive periods
rhythmicity- regularity of body functions, sleep, hunger, all same time
Threshold of responsiveness- how much stimulation is required to get a response.
Intensity of Reaction- energy level of response, laughing, crying, talking etc..
quality of Mood- amt of friendly behavior to amt of unfriendly behavior
Adaptability- adjust to change
Approach/withdraw- repsonse to new object, thing or person
attention span and persistence- amt of time devoted to an activity |
Ch7
goodness-of-fit model. |
how temperment and environment can produce favorable outcome |
Ch 7
Ethological theory on attachemnt
PACR |
recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver
4 phases
Pre-attachment- grasping,smiling,crying.
Attachment in the making- respond diff to a caregiver rather than stranger
Clear cut- attachment to caregiver is evident, separation anxiety
formation of a ricipricol relationship- understand parents coming and going and predict they will return. |
ch 7
Mary Ainsworth’s attachment patterns
SARD |
Secure attachment- mom used as secure base
avoident attachment- unresponsive to mom when she is present. fail to cling at reunion
Resistant attachment- closeness to mom, fail to explore, angry resistant behavior at reunion
Disorganized attachment- confused, contradictory behaviors |
Ch7
facotrs that affect attachment security |
oppt. to est a close relationship
quality of caregiving
baby's characteristics
parents internal working models |
psychoanalytical attachment |
mom feeding child forms a bond between the two |
behavioral attachment |
feeding is important but also is comfort....Monkey experiment |