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BIOL 302: Exam 2
conjugation
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bacteria sex; membranes of bacteria touch and DNA is transferred leading to diploid
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transformation
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exogenous DNA taken into cell via membrane diffusion
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transduction
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DNA transferred via bacteriophage leading to licing and propagation of genetic code in other cells
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miRNA (microRNA)
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non-protein coding sequences; encode long RNAs with hairpin structure that is processes by Dicers and Drosha and then separates. Part attaches argonaute and is a guide strand for RISC
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snRNA (small nuclear RNA)
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RNA confined to nucleus that helps with splicing during mRNA processing
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RNA polymerase I
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transcribes 3 rRNA genes
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RNA polymerase II
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transcribes mRNA to encode polypeptide and nuclear RNA genes
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RNA polymerase III
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transcribes all tRNA genes and nuclear RNA; recognizes promoter sequence upstream and downstream of start codon
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Order of pre-mRNA processing
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transcription, 5' cap, splicing begins, termination, cleave 3', add poly A tail, export to cytoplasm
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tRNA location of wobble
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5' wobble
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mRNA location of wobble
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3' wobble
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UAS
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upstream activation sequence
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Function of UAS
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enhancer
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Proximity of UAS in Eukaryotes
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closer than other enhancers
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Purpose of GAL4
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binds GAL80 to repressor to repress gene
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Function of GAL80
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repressor (I)
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GAL Regulation
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on when galactose is present; for metabolism
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K protein
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lysine
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HDMT
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histone demethylase
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HMTs
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histone methyltransferase
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SWI/SNF
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nucleosome sliding and relocation; activating
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ISWI
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nucleosome displacement; silencing
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SWR1
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nucleosome ejection and adding variant histones; activating
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Nucleosome composition
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2 H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, 2H4
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Components of holoenzyme
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2 Alpha, 2 Beta, one omega, sigma factor
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Origins of siRNA
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in and outside of cell; transcription or viruses
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Function of siRNA for silencing
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double stranded siRNA bind to Dicer and pieces bind to argonaute. Binds mRNA
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Effect of argonaute binding on mRNA
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cleaving of mRNA and degradation
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Origins of miRNA
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usually transcribed in nucleus
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Function of miRNA in silencing
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bind to Dicer and pieces bind to argonaute. Guide strand leads RISC to mRNA and degrade/stop translation
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Are miRNA completely complementary to target mRNA
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no, they don't really have target mRNA
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F+ cell
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donor cell in conjugation
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F factor
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fertility factor; transfered during conjugation
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Pilus
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link between cells during conjugation
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coding strand
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5' - 3'
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template strand
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3' - 5'
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How do subunits of Ribosome bind?
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initiation factors; small subunit binds mRNA and tRNA, large subunit then binds
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Function of A site
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tRNA bind to add AA to end of polypeptide
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Function of P site
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where polypeptide is held
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Function of E site
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exit point for uncharged tRNAs
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What's at the N-terminal of a polypeptide
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amino group
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What's at the C-terminal end of a polypeptide
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carboxyl group
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First step of translation initiation
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binding of shine- dalgarno sequence on 5' end of mRNA to 3' complementary strand of rRNA
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Function of 5' cap (translation)
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binding site of initiation factors; begins scanning for start codon of Kozak sequence
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What causes termination of translation
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when a stop codon enters the A site and release factor proteins lead to dissociation of ribosome
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How do multiple sequences get translated at the same time?
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Multiple ribosomes attach to each other to form polyribosome and simultaneously translate tRNA
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Cell sorting of proteins
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sorted by signalling related to n-terminal end
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4 Stages of transcription
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promoter recognition, initiation, chain elongation, chain termination
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Rho dependent termination
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Rho protein must bind to polymerase for it to fall off of mRNA
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What is 5' capping
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adding of methylated guanine
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Origin of rRNA and tRNA
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from cleavage of molecules transcribed in genomes
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RNA editing
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post-transcriptional changes to sequence leading to it being different from template strand
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Negative control
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regulatory proteins bind to DNA to stop transcription
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Lac operator: cis or trans
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cis acting
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Lac repressor: cis or trans
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trans acting
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How repressor prevents RNA pol binding
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creates loop shape so pol can't bind to promoter
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trpL (leader region)
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has attenuator sequence for 4 repeats that form 2-3 loop (constitutive) and 3-4 (termination)
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Promoters, proximal elements, and enhancers: cis or trans
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cis- acting; bind to trans-acting
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Locus control regions (LCRs)
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specialized enhancers
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insulators
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block enhancer influence on certain genes and redirect them to other genes
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Where do writers add chemical groups?
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N-terminal of histone tails
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silent mutation
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base pair substitution that codes of the same amino acid
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missense mutation
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base pair substitution that changes the coded protein
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nonsense mutation
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base pair substitution that creates a stop codon in place of an amino acid
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frameshift mutation
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mutation in polypeptide due to an insertion or deletion
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splicing mutation
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mutation near consensus sequence that causes incorrect removal of intron sequence
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How are splicing mutations fixed
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clyptic splice site which complete or replace substitution with authentic splice sites
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What RNA does Pol I code for?
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rRNA, mRNA
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What RNA does Pol II code for?
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snRNA, tRNA, miRNA
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What RNA does Pol III code for?
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rRNA. snRNA
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tRNA
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helps decode mRNA into protein by functioning as specific sites at ribosome
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rRNA
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recognize conserved sequences of mRNA and tRNA for binding to ribosome
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