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PSYC 107: EXAM 1
The nature-nurture issue can best be defined as the study of |
how differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment
|
Dualism--the idea that mind and brain exist separately--conflicts with which of these? |
physicists' principle of conservation of matter and energy
|
According to adherents of determinism, why is it hard to predict people's behavior accurately? |
sometimes the causes are so complex that it is impossible to predict some behaviors
|
The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning __________, and logos, meaning __________ |
mind............word |
Which of these refers to the idea that every event, including our behavior, has a cause? |
Determinism
|
The philosophical position that every behavior has a cause is known as |
Determinism |
The term "monism" refers to which belief? |
Brain activity and mental activity are the same thing. |
What is meant by "determinism"? |
the assumption that every event has a cause |
The mind-brain (or mind-body) problem refers to the question: |
How is the mind related to the brain and does one control the other? |
People who support the idea of free will OPPOSE the concept that |
All behaviors have causes that scientists can study |
Nature in the context of Nature vs. Nurture refers to "genetic makeup" or DNA. |
True |
Evaluating the evidence is an important concept in science. |
True |
Dualism is the philosophical perspective that brain activity and mental activity are the same. |
False |
Conducting research on humans is easy. |
False |
Behavior is a term that refers to waving a hand or the movement of cells in the body. |
True |
An evolutionary psychologist is most likely to consider which of these questions? |
Why are men more likely than women to seek multiple sexual partners. |
Human factors specialists and Industrial psychologists usually provide their services to |
companies
|
Can psychoanalysts prescribe drugs? |
Only those who are psychiatrists can.
|
Teachers seeking help in coping with students with special needs would consult which of these? |
School psychologist |
A biopsychologist tries to relate behavior to |
electrical and chemical activities in the body.
|
A behaviorist is most likely to investigate which of the following? |
differences between conscious and unconscious thought
|
Dr. Domuch, who helps a company train people for jobs, select good employees, and organize the workplace, is a/an __________ psychologist. |
industrial/organizational
|
A cognitive psychologist studies |
thinking and acquiring knowledge.
|
What do comparative psychologists compare? |
the behaviors of different species of animals
|
A psychotherapist with a medical degree is a _____ and one with a Ph.D. is a _____. |
psychiatrist... psychologist |
Cognitive psychologists conduct research on memory. |
True |
Psychiatrists have both a PhD in psychology and a medical degree |
True |
Forensic psychologists work with the criminal justice system. |
True |
I/O psychologists apply psychology to workplace settings. |
True |
School psychologists specialize in helping teachers with their classroom needs. |
False
|
E.B. Tichner is considered the founder of "structuralism." |
True |
Introspection is a technique in which a person reports their mental experience of a stimulus. |
True |
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research lab. |
True |
Applied research considers ways to help people with practical problems of life. |
True |
Comparative psychology refers to comparing the behaviors of males and females. |
False |
In 1905, who developed the first useful intelligence test? |
Alfred Binet |
Which of these is recognized as one of the founders of behaviorism |
John Watson
|
Suppose an unscrupulous researcher made up results and got them published. In the long run, people will not take them seriously, because presumably the false results will not be |
replicable. |
Jane describes a dream she had that came true the next day. This is an example of |
an anecdote
|
Clever Hans could answer a question correctly only if he |
saw the questioner during the answer. |
Which of the following is a desirable feature of a scientific theory? |
The theory is falsifiable. |
Which of the following would NOT be falsifiable?
|
"Dreams are often disguised to hide their true meaning."
|
If a theory makes only simple assumptions similar to those of other theories that are widely accepted, the new theory is said to be |
parsimonious |
An investigator conducts a statistical test to determine whether the difference between the experimental group and the control group was statistically significant. Other things being equal, the difference is most likely to be significant if |
the mean of one group was much larger than the mean of the other group.
|
In both science and the legal system, the "burden of proof" is on the side that |
should find it possible to present convincing evidence, if in fact it is right.
|
Two serious objections to claims of extrasensory perception are that the explanations are not __________ and that the results are not __________.
|
parsimonious...replicable |
A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a/an |
hypothesis.
|
What is an anecdote? |
report of a single event or experience.
|
If nearly all investigators can repeat a study and get similar results, the result is |
replicable
|
A proponent of ESP claims that ESP shows up only when the vibrations are right and that there is no way to know whether the vibrations are right except to see whether ESP shows up. What is wrong with this theory from a scientific standpoint? |
It is not falsifiable. |
Psychology research differs from chemistry research in many ways. What is one way in which they are similar? |
They both need careful measurement.
|
Any scientific study goes through four steps. Which of the following is NOT one of those steps? |
proof |
"Data" is a "collection of values." |
T |
A "mechanism" describes "how" a Phenomenon occurrs. |
T |
A single piece of data is a "date." |
F |
A variable is a characteristic of a thing that may have different values. |
T |
Hypotheses are never used to test theories.
|
F |
What is a dependent variable? |
something that an experimenter measures to see how another variable affected it
|
An operational definition is a definition that
|
tells us how to produce or measure something. |
An experimenter announces, "This is an experiment on hypnosis." Although the experimenter does not actually hypnotize anyone, many participants behave the way they believe hypnotized people do. Which of these do the results illustrate? |
demand characteristics. |
What is the main advantage of an experiment, in contrast to a correlational study? |
An experiment is more likely to demonstrate cause-and-effect.
|
Professor Lewis gave a study guide to the students in the first two rows of class. Later, these students got better grades than the other students. What is wrong with this experiment?
|
lack of random assignment to groups
|
Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect?
|
experiment |
A correlation coefficient is a mathematical value that ranges between
|
-1 and +1. |
Jane Goodall spent years observing chimpanzees in the wild. Her technique was |
naturalistic observation. |
An experimenter kept students in a hot, neutral, or cold room and then tested their ability to memorize poetry. What was the independent variable in this experiment? |
the temperature of the room |
What characterizes the control group in an experiment? |
It is treated like the experimental group except for the treatment the experiment is designed to test.
|
Which of the following could be an operational definition of "sense of humor"? |
the number of times someone makes other people laugh
|
What is an independent variable? |
something the experimenter changes or controls.. |
What does an Institutional Review Board do? |
It judges whether proposed experiments are ethical. |
Which of the following is part of an experiment but NOT part of a correlational study? |
random assignment to groups |
Which of the following is a common problem with survey research? |
Many people express opinions despite having no idea what they are talking about. |
A psychologist evaluates 60 people before and after 8 weeks of therapy. Because 55 of the 60 are improved, she concludes that the therapy was effective. A flaw in this study is that it lacks |
a control group. |
An experimenter had participants exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner. What was the dependent variable? |
the amount of food eaten |
Which type of experiment produces the results that are often difficult to interpret? |
before and after studies |
If everyone has the same chance of being in the experimental group, then the experiment has |
random assignment. |
A blind observer is an observer who |
does not know the experimenter's predictions. |
What is a correlation? |
a measurement of the relationship between two variables |
Under what circumstances is psychological research with animals legally permissible? |
only after a committee at the college or research institute approves the proposal
|
In Dr. Wizard's study, people in the experimental group receive a "subliminal audiotape" that is supposed to improve their self-esteem. The other group receives no treatment. Later, Dr. Wizard interviews them and reports that people in the experimental group show higher self-esteem. What change would IMPROVE the research? |
Use a blind observer |
What is a placebo? |
a pill with no important biological effects. |
Which of the following is true of a convenience sample? |
People are chosen just because they are available or easy to study. |
A correlational study is not an experiment. |
T |
Concepts and Constructs are the basic building blocks of scientific thories. |
T |
An "operational definition" describes a construct and provides a way to measure a construct. |
T |
One example of a construct is "creativity." |
T |
A subset of a sample is a population.
|
F |
Another way to say "standard deviation" is "average distance." |
T |
The "standard deviation" is a measure of variability of a dataset. |
T |
A "distribution" shows how data-points are distributed relative to each other. |
T |
The "mode" of a dataset is the most frequently occurring value in the dataset. |
T |
A sample is any calculated value of the data from a statistic. |
F |
What are "descriptive statistics"? |
mathematical summaries of results
|
Mathematical summaries of results are called __________ statistics, while statistics that inform about the entire population, based on information collected from small samples, are called __________ statistics. |
descriptive...inferential |
Your soccer team scored 1, 1, 2, 3, and 8 goals (a total of 15) in their first five games. What was their mean number of goals? |
3 |
The mean, median, range, and standard deviation are all examples of |
descriptive statistics. |
If the standard deviation is small, then |
most scores are close to the mean.
|
What does the standard deviation measure? |
the amount of variation
|
The Lizard Lick State Fighting Nematodes scored 50, 50, 55, 60, and 85 points in their first five basketball games. What was their median score? |
55 |
A group of seven students receive the following scores on a test: 87, 88, 89, 86, 85, 90, and 35. What is the median score? |
87 |
Which of the following is true of normal distributions? |
They are symmetrical. |
Students received these scores: 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 95, and 100. The score of 95 is what? |
the mode |