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BIOL 301: Study Guide
Evolution
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is any change in the genetic makeup of a population
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Natural Selection
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results in evolutionary change when genetic factors cause differences in fecundity and survival among individulas
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Acclimatization
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permits adjustment to changing conditions
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Ecology
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is the science by which we study how organisms interact with environment
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Why study Ecology?
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understandingnature; conservation; medicine; informed citizen
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Biotic Potential
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the maximum rate of increase a population is capable of under ideal conditions
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Demography
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is the study of populations
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Exponential Growth
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appropriate when young individuals are added to the populations continuously
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Geometric Growth
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appropriate when young individuals are added to the population at one particular time of the year or some other discrete interval
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Generation Time
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time from birth of a parent to the birth of the parent's offspring
- very useful time interval to use for population growth
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r= ?
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b-d
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Geometric Growth
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results in seasonal patterns of population increase and decrease
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A population is growing when....
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r > 0 or lamda >1
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a population is constant when
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lambda = 1 or r = 0
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a population is declining when
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lambda < 1 or r < 0
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Geographic Range
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the geographic area in which a species occurs
- can be defined on an ordinary map
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Dispersion
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spacing of individuals in a population
- clumped
- random
- spaced
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population
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a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular region at the same time
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Number / Space = ?
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Density
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Population Structure
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the classification of individuals in a population based on some type of category
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Metapopulation
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a set of local populations linked by dispersal
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Each rookery
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a population if breeding interaction is paramount
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Each Coastal Mixture
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a population if food competition is the ecological interaction of interest
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metapopulation model
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views a population as a set of subpopulations occupying patches of a particular habitat
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habitat matrix
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intervening habitat
- viewed only as a barrier to movement of individuals between subpopulations
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Source-Sink Model
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recognizes differences in quality of suitable habitat patches
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Source Patches
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where resources are abundant
- individuals produce more offspring than needed to replace themselves
- surplus of offspring disperse to other patches
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Sink Patches
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where resources are scarce
- populations are maintained by immigration of individuals from elsewhere
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Dispersal
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movements within populations
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Landscape Model
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considers effects of differences in habitat quality within the habitat matrix
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