GENE 301 Study Guide
110 Cards in this Set
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What enzyme binds to the promotor site?
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RNA polymerase
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Which of the enzymes is modified by recA so that it can function as a polymerase in SOS repair?
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polymerase III
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Radar gun radiations do not cause direct damage to DNA of individuals using them because?
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the wavelength of radiation is too long
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What stops the translation of protein?
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interfering RNA
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What process uses a modified F-factor to carry a specific bacterial gene from one E. coli strain to another strain?
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sexduction
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Which DNA polymerase is used to replace DNA in the excision/repair of a thymine dimer in E. coli?
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polymerase I
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What is added to the 5' end of a messenger RNA in eukaryotes that protects the mRNA from exo-nucleasus?
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7-methyl guanidine
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Bacterial DNA in a virus head is transferred to another bacterium by the virus head. What is this process called?
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generalized transduction
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What enzyme is used by eukaryotes to amplify the effects of interfering RNA?
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RNA dependent RNA polymerase
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Which of the above is an addition to a messenger RNA at its 3' end in eukaryotes?
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poly-adenine
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In one form of inherited diabetes, the 18th amino acid in the insulin protein has changed from histidine to tyrosine. What classification of mutation is this?
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transition
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This enzyme cuts double stranded RNA into 22 base pair long segments.
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dicer
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several problems faced the scientists that cloned the first human genes in bacteria. Which one of the following prevented the expression of eukarotic genes in bacterial systems?
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the eukarotic DNA contained introns that were note removed by the bacteria
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When a higher organism needs to turn off the production of a gene, it makes a short hairpin RNA that enters the cytoplasm and is cleaved by the enzyme dicer to form which of the following?
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siRNA
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Hemoglobin Alpha has a peptide sequence 141 amino acids long. A change in the 136th amino acid from leucine to proline was found in individuals when hemoglobin 'bibba'. What kind of mutation caused this change?
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transition
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What substance is used to stop the translation of mRNA and to mark the mRNA for destruction?
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interfering RNA
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What enzyme always binds to a DNA palindrome
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restriction endonuclease
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The most common mutation in the DNA of cells produced by exposure to UV light is
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thimine dimmers
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Which of the following isotopes is likely to be most damaging to us if it gets into our food?
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radioactive iodine
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With what eucaryotic process does small interfering RNA interfere?
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translation
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What RNA is fully complementary to the template strand of DNA at an allele in eukaryotes?
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hnRNA
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What method does a plasma cell use to switch from making a cellular bound antibody to making a systemic antibody?
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poly-A choice
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What substance is made by dicer by cutting large double stranded RNA's?
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siRNA
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The translation of a message can be halted and the message marked fro degradation by which of the following?
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siRNA
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What is the structure that makes bacteria unable to properly read and make protein from human DNA?
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introns
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Transformation
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Direct transfer of relatively long segments of DNA into a recipient bacterium.
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Conjugation
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Transfer of huge segments of DNA from an Hfr bacterium into a recipient F-bacterium.
used for time mating sequencing of loci
works ONLY in E. coli
used for recombination mapping of loci
needs Hfr strain and F-strain of E. coli
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Generalized Transduction
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transfer of small segments of specific length DNA by way of being included in a viral coat.
easily done
creates new strands of bacteria
used for mapping using co-transduction mapping
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co-transductional mapping
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the more frequent alleles from two different loci are incorporated together into the recipient, the closer together these loci must be to each other
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Co-transductional mapping Calculation
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CTI= #of times both loci were transduced (colonies)/ # of times one locus was transduced (colonies)
CTI is inversely proportional to the map distance between 2 loci
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Specialized Transduction
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by displacing a phage gene w/ a bacterial gene, small segments of the bacterial genome can be transferred by lysogenic phages
every gene carries the bacterial gene
"helper" virus is needed, since the bacterial gene takes the place of a viral gene
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Specialized transduction uses
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*completion tests
*dominance determination
*any use where a partial diploid is needed. The recipient bacterium is functionally diploid for the gene carried by the phages genome.
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Sexduction
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*adding a small segment of bacterial genome to an F factor, a small segment of DNA can be transferred by conjugation.
*an F factor w/ a small segment of the bacterial genome included is called an F'
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Sexduction Uses
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*to perform completion tests
*dominance tests
*and use where a partial diploid is needed.
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Penicillin Screen
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*a positive screen
*the standard test for auxotrophic mutant
*anything that tries to grow in the presence of penicillin kills itself. penicillin poisons the pathways that the bacterium uses to make cell wall.
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Auxotrophic Mutant
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unable to make an essential macromolecule such as an AA or a nucleotide
*growth on complete medium
*failure to grow on minimal medium
*growth on minimal plus known supplement
Ex. if the supplement is arginine & the mutant successully grows on minimal + arginine, we call…
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Mutations and Mutagenesis
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------( )----------
------------( )----wt (+)
------( )------
------( )------mutation no wt (-)
if no overlap or mutation occurs outside the deletion its possible to get a crossover
if to deletions overlap a mutation is within the deletion you cant get any wildtypes
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Energy in a Photon : Plank's Equation
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E= h/lambda
*radiations w/ a longer wavelength than far UV do not have the energy to break bonds in DNA.
*radiations w/ shorter wavelength can break bonds in DNA.
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Excision/Repair
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repair of mutaions.
*a thymine dimer can be recognized by an endonuclease
*removed by cutting out the strand with the dimer
*and replacing the segment templating off the other strand using pol 1
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Transversion
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switching a purine for a pyrimidine & vice versa
ex: G→T
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Particulate radiations (Ionizing rxns)
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High energy particles having effects similar to x-rays. They break biological bonds.
these include:
*alpha= high energy helium nucleus
*proton= high energy hydrogen nucleus
*beta = high energy electron
*neutrons = uncharged particles
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Bremstrahlung ( braking radiation)
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when an electron is accelerated electromagnetic radiation is emitted
- x-rays are emitted when high energy beta particles are absorbed
- x-rays are more penetrating than beta particles
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β particles
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*high speed electrons
*interact by causing ionizations along the pathway taken by the particle.
*ionizations become more frequent as the particle slows down.
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Hfr
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What name is given to a bacterial strain in which an F factor has crossed over into the bacterial genome?
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interferfering RNA
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what substance is used to stop the translation of a mRNA and to mark the mRNA for destruction?
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dideoxyctidinetriphosphate
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compoun used in dna sequencing to terminate synthesis after a C base in a growing strand of dna
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restriction endonuclease
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always binds to DNA palindrome
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SNP's
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DNA change most often detected by micro arrays
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operators
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In the repressible argine regulon, the api-repressor protein/arginine complex binds to what?
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hnRNA
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in eukaryotes, intron sequences are present in only one of the following.
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hnRNA
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RNA is fully complemntaryto the template strand of DNA at an allele in eukaryotes
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changing the site fro the addition of the poly-A tail
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An immunoglobinproduced by a plasma cell normally inserts into the membrane of the cell that prouces it. When stimulated by contact with a reacting antigen, immunoglobins are produced that do not insert into the membrane, but rather are soluble and are excreted by the plasma cell. This pr…
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promoter
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cyclic AMP binds to a protein called CAP in the cytoplasam of e coli the resulting complex CAP~cAMP then binds to the lactose operon at what location does this complex bind?
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promoter
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almost always included in a plasmid designed for transgenic expression
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intron RNA
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lariat loop
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thimine dimmers
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most common mutation in the dna of cells produced by exposure to uv light
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radioactive idodine
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most damaging to us if it gets into our food
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AGGAGGT
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shine delgarno sequence
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translation
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eucaryotic process does small interfering rna interfere
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poly A choice
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method that a plasma ccell uses to switch from making a cellular bound antibody to making a systemic antibody
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siRNA
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made by dicer by cutting large double stranded RNAs
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observe phenotype after infecting with a lambda virus which carries a wild type lac operon
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would allow you to distinguish between an operator constitutive versus a defective regulator as being the cause of the constitiutive synthesis
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serve as starting points for the TAC polymerase
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what do the primers do in the polymerase chain reaciton
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what is meant by probing a library?
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hybirdizing sequences of RNA or DNA to locate the introns
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What enzyme eventually cleaves mRNA that has been pried by a short strand of complementary RNA and made into DS RNA?
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dicer
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For what purpose is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used?
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to amplify DNA without cloning it
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What type of mutation do intercollating agents cause?
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frameshift
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to insert a segment of drosophila DNA into a bacterial plasmid you need ECO R1 and ?
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ligase
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Translation can be halted and marked for degradation by which of the following
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siRNA
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What makes bateria unable to read and make protein from human DNA
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intron
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used to absorb the single stranded DNA eluted from a SNA electorphoresis gel in a southern blot
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nitro cellulose
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what enzyme is used as a dna polymerase in the PCR technique?
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Taq
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binds to the promoter site
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rna poymerase
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used to terminate synthesis in one column of a dna equencing gel
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2,3 dideoxyadenosine
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polymerase iii
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modified by rec A so that it can function as a polymerase in sos repair
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polymerase chain reaction was run on whole human dna using sixteen different 8 base pair random sequence primers the resulting dna fragments were separated by electrophoresis on a gel there were 60 bands on the resulting gel. what is this called
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RAPD
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uses a modified F factor to carry a specific bacterial gene from one e coli strain to another strain
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sexduction
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dna polymerase used to replace dna in the excision/repair of a thymine dimer in ecoli
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polymerase 1
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added to the 5' end of a messenger rna in eukaryotes that protects the mrna from exonucleases
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7 methyl guanidine
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bacterial dna in a virus head is transferred to another bacterium by the virus head. what is this called?
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generalized transduction
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used by eukaryotes to amplify the effects of interfering rna
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rna dependent rn polymerase
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addition to a mrna at its 3' end in eukaryotes
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poly adenine
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a gene is inserted into the genome of a temperate phage and this temperate phage is used to transfer the gene to another bacterium forming a merodiploid
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specialized transduction
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in eucaryotes, intron sequences ar present in
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genetic dna
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The PCR reaction can be used directly on the dna of chromosomes on a slide. many different probes are used, each labeled with the same color of fluorscent dye, and targeting a different allele on the same chromosome. a second 5 base pair primer is used. chromosomes are viewed under a fluo…
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chromosome painting
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In one reaction used for DNA sequencing 2,3 dideoxy cytosine triphosphate is added to the reaction mixture whiy is this compound used?
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to terminate dna chain growth at sites where cytosine is inserted
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couples the amino acid to the tRNA
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amino-acyl synthetase
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a single gene is inserted into an F factor and this is used to transfer lac+ genes to an F- lac- bacterium
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sexduction
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unlike the start and stop signals for transcription, the start and stop signals for translation
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are three nucleotide long codons
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in the absence of allolactose the lactose regulator protein binds here
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operator
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makes dna segments that are used for making librarties
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restriction endonuclease
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cuts double stranded rna into 22 bp long segments
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dicer
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site on the dna where cAMP~Cap binds
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promoter
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uses segments of one dna library to id adjacent segments in another library
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walking DNA
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the combo of arginine plus the regulator protein of the arginine operon binds to
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several operators
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using the dideoxy method of dna sequencing requires the use of dideoxy adenosine diphosphate what is the function of this compound
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terminates synthesis of the strand of dna when it is incorporated
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technique that allows tha ssignment of a known sequence of dna to a specific site on a specific chromosome
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fluorescent in situ hyridization
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to turn off the production of a gene, it makes a short hair pin ran that enters the cytoplasm and is cleaved by the enzyme dicer to form
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siRNA
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in PCR why is it necessary to heat the mixture to 95
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dna must be made single stranded by heating
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Free Radicals
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are among the most reactive of the chemical structures known
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Controlling Elements: Autonomous
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an active transposon w/ the ability to transpose independently (trans-activation)
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Controlling elements: Nonautonomous
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requires activation for transposition
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transposons
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DNA segments that can move from one location to another w/in a cell's genome
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P-elements in Drosophila
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are transposons that all have the same 31bp repeat at each of the transposon.
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Transition
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a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine or a purine replaces a purine
ex: A → G
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Nitrous Acid
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de-aminates cytosine to for Uracil
de-aminates adenine to form hypoanthine
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Hydroxylamine
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*reacts specifically w/ cytosine to form N-4-hydroxycytosine which then pairs with adenine
*it causes CG base pairs to become AT base pairs
*Attacks only C--- thus CG Base pairs.
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Radiomemetics
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*alkylating agents
*among the most powerful mutagenic agents available
*sulfur, chlorine mustards and mustard gas
*causes primarily transitions but can cause transversions and breaks.
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in the presence of gulcose in the medium, the lactose operon refuses to function even in the presence of allolactose. This is because:
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the RNA polymerase cant initiate
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Which of the following aspects of genetically engineered organisms make the inserted DNA especially likely to be able to transfer from the original species to an unintended species?
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The genetically engineered loci are contained in a transposon
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GENE 301 Study Guide