54 Cards in this Set
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How have people tried to define abnormal behavior?
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deviance model
mental illness model
maladaptive/mental health model
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What are the weaknesses of the deviance model?
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something that deviates from the cultural norm. Something that isstatistically rare and undesirable.
–Unpredictable orIrrational. (But a genius could be deviant, also mental retardation)
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What are the weaknesses of the mental illness model?
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– a medical/disease model (Such as genetic predisposition along with environmentalconditions)
it stereotypes 2 groups of people, people who have the disease and people who don't
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What are the weaknesses of the maladaptive/mental health model?
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behavior that interferes with our well-being. May also presentdanger to self or others.
–Also interferes with ourrelationships and ability to work. (But a con artist is a contradiction)
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What is the current way that the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) defines a mental disorder
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A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome (A group of symptoms of behaviors that cluster together).Associated with distress or disability. Not simply a predictable and culturallysanctioned response to a particular event. Considered to reflect behavioral,psychological, …
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What are some of the problems associated with the DSM-IV approach to mental disorders
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- What is meant by the term “clinically significant”?
- How much distress is needed to warrant adiagnosis
- Who determines what is “culturally sanctioned”?
- What constitutes a “behavioral, psychological, or biologicaldysfunction”?
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What are the major strengths and weaknesses of using a categorical approach to defining mental disorders, like DSM-IV? what is an alternative to a categorical approach?
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- define specific groups of people to be studied, fits classic research methods, has been reliable, has benefited a large # of people
- stereotyping, labeling, de-emphasizes social/cultural factors, ignores aspects of positive wellness, may not be valid for all conditions
*alternati…
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You should recognize the difference between biological views based on adisease modelversus aconstitutionalmodelof abnormality
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disease model- most common model, pathogen leads to disease-- getting exposed will give it to you
constitutional model- biological resiliency of different organs/ systems-- keeping up immune system will keep you from getting it
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What are the major historical events that have shaped the biological approach to understanding abnormal behavior based on specific brain-behavior relationships
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Brainwas thought about as a holistic organ, such as the liver. Academics: people whodid neurology studies of the brain the first half of 19th century.If you disagreed with their beliefs you were shunned by the Academy
- Phrenologists vs. Nonlocalization(Phrenology-givingspecific attribut…
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What are the major historical events that have shaped the biological approach to understanding abnormal behavior based on specific organic causes for mental disorders?
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paresis and syphilis
(Paresis- ages 30-50 problem with motormovement. Deteriorating cognitive functions. Thought of as behavior problem dueto syphilis- symptoms then go dormant, years later make holes in brain)Specific pathogen causing condition.
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What are the major historical events that have shaped the biological approach to understanding abnormal behavior based on genetic theories of behavior and epigenetics
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you're born with genes and genetic make up that is unchangeable
epigenetics- the environment effects the way you act, not genes
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What are the major historical events that have shaped the biological approach to understanding abnormal behavior based on effective biological therapies
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- convulsive disorders (epilepsy/psychosis) ~ inducing seizure
- Brain lesions in the frontal lobes had “calming” effect on agitated animals
~ moniz won nobel prize from studying monkeys
- Thorazine(chlorpromazine) was discovered to help with psychotic symptoms
~Started as an an…
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Who is paul broca?
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Discovered language in frontal lobe through work with "Tan"
Patient named “Tan”. Discovered that the front left temporal lobewas responsible for speech function
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Who is Franz Mesmer?
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started to treat people with lead and magnets and had animal magnetism
Believed human behavior was influenced bymagnetic fields/fluid. The idea of hypnosis as a cure (Curedpeople through the “Power of Suggestion” –Placebo Effect)
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Who is Sigmund Freud
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(Psychoanalysis)(Fist to come up with a Big Theory, Came up with a lot of terminology)
-Focused on the unconscious. Used free association and dreamanalysis methods to determine the role of the unconscious on human behavior.
-Came up with the idea of the Id, Ego, and Superego
- psychose…
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Who is B.F Skinner?
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studied rats to develop classical conditioning- pull lever get food/ hear bell, pull lever get food
Operant conditioning – consequences of behavior influencesbehavior (Skinner Box) (Roots of behavior psychology)
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Who is aaron beck?
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psychoanalyzer;
conceptionalized depression and developed cognitive behavioral therapy- disorders were from distorted thinking and tried to change the way people thought about life
Founded cognitive therapy(Cognitivetheories of depression, anxiety, and personality disorders) (Cognitiv…
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Who is dorothea Dix?
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mental hygiene movement
created the first mental asylum
(started 32 mental hospitals) (Was a teacher andworked in jails)
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What are the differences between psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral and socialcultural viewpoints on the causes of abnormal behavior?
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- psychodynamic- reveal unconscious content
- behavioral- study of direct observable behavior and thestimuli and reinforcing conditions that control it could serve as a basis forunderstanding normal and abnormal behavior
- cognitive-behavioral- looks at patterns of thinking/behaving and…
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What are three positive contributions Freud contributed to the current study of abnormal psychology
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1. psychoanalysis
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What are the similarities and differences between moral management and the mental hygiene movement
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-- moral management- focused on a patient’s social, individual, andoccupational needs. (Moral and spiritual development and rehabilitation of“character”. Used Manual labor and spiritual discussions and humane treatment)-- Issues included a lack of resources
-- mental hygiene movement- fo…
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What approaches to abnormal psychology devisedtreatments based on validated theories of behavior?
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psychology as a laboratory science
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What approaches to abnormal psychologydiscovered treatments and then devised theories to explain abnormal behavior?
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psychology as a clinical science
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What are some examples of social factors associated with a higher risk for mental health?
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- low socioeconomic status/ underemployment
- discrimination in race, gender, and ethnicity
- violence and homelessness
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Explain the difference between materialism,dualism, and “levels of analysis” in relating biology to psychology
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?
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What is the definition of diathesis?
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a predisposition to developing a disorder
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How is stress related to the onset of illness in a diathesis-stress model?
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A stressor adds to the existence of diathesis inorder to cause a disorder. If one is low, the other must be higher in order tocause a disorder
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define culture-specific disorder
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Some disorders are culture specific and may not be seen as adisorder in another culture
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Be familiar with the strengths and weaknesses(problems) with making a categorical diagnosis for a mental health concern
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?
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What type of information is included in each of thefive “axes” of a DSM diagnosis?
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Axis I – Clinical Disorders
Axis II – Personality disorders and traits
Axis III – General Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V – GlobalAssessment of Functioning
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What is the theoretical orientation of DSM? How is this approach a limitation?
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The DSM-IV is atheoretical. It doesn’t addressspecific etiology. It may or may not aid in treatment planning. In isolation, adiagnosis is usually inadequate for effective treatment
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What is the purpose of a general physical exam?
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An examination of the major body systems.(Checksblood work=organ dysfunction) (metabolites of neurotransmitters)
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What is the purpose of a neurologic physical exam?
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Includes brain scans (checksmental status, Cranial Nerves, Motor Tone, Sensory, Coordination, and Reflexes)
- BRAINIMAGING is another type of exam procedure
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What is the purpose of neuro-psychological assessment?
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Involves the sue of various testing devices tomeasure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance as clues to theextent and location of brain damage
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What information can be obtained fromcognitive/intelligence tests, behavioral observation, projective personalitytests, and objective personality tests?
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- cognitive/intelligencetests- general cognitive ability; problem solving style
- behavioral observation- stimulus, organic variable (thoughts), response, consequences; most underused method
personality tests-?
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What information can be obtained fromcognitive/intelligence tests, behavioral observation, projective personalitytests, and objective personality tests?
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???
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what are some of the shortcomings/criticisms are forthe Rorschach Inkblot Test (a projective personality test) and with the MMPI-2(an objective personality test).?
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inblot- tends to over pathologize and has low validity
MMPI-2- test that is used for measuring personality, failed to make diagnoses but can find associated problems
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how should professionals choose assessmentmethods to make more valid decisions?
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More sources = better perspective
Client Report
Clinician Observation
Family Report
Formal Testing
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What are some issues/challenges in trying tomake valid psychological assessments across different cultural groups?
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Communication/Language
Cultural constraints on behavior
Lack of trust/credibility
Stereotypes
Howto minimize the negative impact of cultural differences
Awareness
Knowledge
Flexibility in methods
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How do drugs increase and decrease neurotransmitter effects?
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increase-
-Increase NT production; Increase number of receptors; Decrease re-uptake; Increase bindingstrength at receptors
decrease-
- Decrease NT production; Decrease number of receptors; Increase re-uptake; Drug ineffectively binds to receptors, blocking actual NT
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What are the major drug types, symptoms they focus on?
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Benzodiazepine - anti-anxiety, binds toGABA receptors, increases GABA binding Tricyclic-baseddrugs – anti-depressant, blocks re-uptake of serotonin andnorepinephrine, increases synaptic activity SSRI-based drugs – anti-depressant, blocksre-uptake of serotonin, increases synaptic activityL…
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What is the the major focus of interpersonal therapy andhumanistic therapy for creating change?
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IT- Social relationships are the major source ofstress and support in managing stress--Interpersonal disputes, Role transitions, Grief and loss, Interpersonal sensitivity
HT-3 core conditions for therapeutic change and positive relationshipdevelopment--Genuineness, Empathy, Unconditional…
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Define health psychology
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Concerned with the effects of stress and other psychologicalfactors on the development and maintenance of physical problems
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How does the mechanism for stress and social supportsimpact physical health problems
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- Optimism contributes to better physical health
-Negative affects such as chronic anger andhostility contribute to poor physical health
- Sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) systemprepares fight-or-flight response
- Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical (HPA)produces cortisol, which…
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What are the reasons why medical professionalsinclude psychology as a discipline when assessing or studying health, illness,and medical treatment
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- The brain influences the immune system(leukocytesproduced in bone marrow but stored in various places throughout body: B cellsand T cells: front line of defense)
- Stressors negatively affect our physical health
- Physical and emotional well-being are intimately interrelated
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What are conditions that increase stress?
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- prolonged unemployment
- loss of a loved one through death
- divorce
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How is chronic stress different from stress that occurs from a specific, time-limited situation?
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One or more forms of stress that last for several months
Can have longer lasting, negative effects on physical health
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What are the features of the diathesis-stress model?
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a. Preexisting vulnerabilities determines the impact of stress on aperson and that individual’s response to stress.
b. Psychoneuroimmunologyis the study of the interaction between the nervous system and theimmune system
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What are the featuers of the immune system and mood?
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a. Depression is associated with compromised immune function, aboveand beyond the stressors that may have precipitated the depression
b. Especially true when depression is chronic
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How do optimism and stress relation?
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a. Pleasurable activities, money, and higher levels of education makeit easier to cope with stress.
b. Exercise also helps relieve stress
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Explain adjustment disorder
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a. If a person’s response to a common stressor is maladaptive andoccurs within 3 months of the stressor, then the person is said to have anadjustment disorder
b. Unemployment and divorce can lead to adjustment disorder
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AcuteStress Disorder vs. PTSD
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AcuteStress Disorder- Occurs within 4 weeks of the traumatic event and lasts for aminimum of 2 days and a maximum of 4 weeks.
PTSD- Severe psychologicaland physical symptoms can result from sudden unexpected environmental crises
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How can PTSD be reduced through preventionmethods before or after exposure to trauma? treatment methods?
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Prevention- Preparing a person in advance of a stressor (successful inmilitary); Used for major surgery or the breakup of a relationship
Treatment- Telephone hotlines; Psychological first aid; Crisis intervention
PsychologicalDebriefing- Allow people involvedin disasters to discuss thei…
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What are cognitive- behavioral treatments for PTSD?
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The patient is asked to vividly recount the traumatic event overand over until there is a decrease in his or her emotional responses. Involvesrepeated or extended exposure to harmless but feared stimuli tat the patient isavoiding because of trauma related fear
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PSYC 410: Exam 2