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ANTH 102: Exam 1
Four fields of Anthropology
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Archeology, biological, sociocultural, linguistic
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Culture
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Peoples learned and shared behaviors and beliefs
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Cultural Relativism
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Each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture rather than the standards of another
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Ethnography
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Detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation
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Historical Pluralism
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Each society is a collective representation of its historical past, societies could reach the same level of cultural development through different pains
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Macroculture
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Bigger culture
ex: Scottish family in Welsh would consider themselves Welsh
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Microculture
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Smaller culture
ex: Scottish family in Welsh would considered Scottish
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Functionalism
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Culture is similar to a biological organism where parks work to support the whole operation and maintenance of the whole
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Arm Chair Anthropology
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Not based on fieldwork or research; descriptions and theories based on missionaries and explorers accounts of the
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Fieldwork
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The study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places
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Emic
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Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider
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Etic
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Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider
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Shaman
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Embodies religion in himself and their methods rely on communication with the spiritual world
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Deductive Approach
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Passing a research question or hypotheses
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Inductive Approach
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Does not have a hypotheses or a question
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Culture Shock
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Persistant uncomfortable feelings when one has moved from one culture to another
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Applied Anthropology
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Taking your knowledge of anthropology and applying it to peoples problems
(Upcoming 5th field of anthropology)
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Imitative Magic
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Attempts to control the universe through the mimicking of a desired event similar actions produce similar events (Voodoo)
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Contagious Magic
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Things or persons once in contact can afterword influence each other (Fingernails, hair)
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Animatism
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Supernatural conceived as an impersonal (Mana- neither a spirit or a deity, manifests it's self in objects)
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Animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
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Monotheism
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Belief in one God
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Polytheism
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Belief in many Gods
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Myth
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A Narrative with a plot that involves supernaturals
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Doctrine
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Direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs (Qu'Ran)
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Zoomorphic
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Having a representing anything forms of Gods or animal form
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Magic
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Attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways
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Anthropomorphism
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God appears in human form
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Pantheon
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All the Gods of a people or religion collectively
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Ancestor Veneration
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Dead have a continues existence or possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living (Golden Eagle)
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Ritual
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Patterned behavior that has to do with the supernatural realm
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Worldview
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Philosophy of life or conception of the world
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Cargo Cult
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Expected arrival of ancestral spirits in ships bringing cargos of good and other goods
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Rites of Passages
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A ceremony performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes his status (Quienciera)
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Priests
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Fulltime religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training
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Religious pluralism
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Condition in which one or more religions coexist either as complimentary to each other or as competing systems
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World Religions
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Religion based on written sources, has many followers, widespread, and concerned with salvation
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Syncretism
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Fusion of differing systems of belief especially when success is partial result of heterogeneous
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Communication
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Process of sending and receiving meaningful messages
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Oracle
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Priests acting as a medium where advice or prophecy was sought from the Gods in antiquity
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Language
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Form of communication based on a set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation
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Linguistic Anthropology
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Study of human communication including origins, history and contemporary variation and change
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Creole
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Language directly descended from a pidgin but possessing its own native speakers and involving linguistic expansion and elaboration
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Dialect
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Particular from of language thats particular to a specific region or social group
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Pidgin
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Contact language that blends elements of at least 2 languages and that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate (Spanglish)
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Productivity
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Feature of human language whereby people are able to communicate a potentially infinite number of messages
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Critical Legal Anthropology
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Examines role of the law and judicial processes in maintaining the dominance of powerful groups through discriminatory practices rather than protecting less powerful peoples (Aboriginal youth case)
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Code Switching
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Practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects of the same language
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Displacement
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Feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past and the future
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
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The theory that language determines thought
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Linguistic Determination
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Language and structures limit and determine human knowledge and thought
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Discourse
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Culturally patterned verbal language including varieties of speech , participation and meaning
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Tag Question
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Question places at the ends of a sentence seeking affirmation (It's a nice day, isn't it?)
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Observers Paradox
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Observation of an even or experiment is influences by the presence of the observer/investigator
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Sociolinguistics
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Culture, society and a personal social position determine language
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Paralanguage
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Nonverbal forms of communication
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Kinestics
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A non verbal code that represents messages communicated in visible body language
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Social Control
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Maintain orderly social life
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Feuding
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Prolonged hostility and occasional fighting between individuals and their supporters
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Law
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Binding rule through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by the threat or punishment
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Policing
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Exercise of social control through process or surveillance and threat of punishment related to maintaing social order
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War
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Organized and purposeful group action directed against another group and involving lethal force
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Infralegal
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Dispute is one that occurs outside the legal system without involving regular violence
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Extralegal
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Beyond the jurisdiction of the law; not regulated by the law
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Banditry
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Socially patterned theft (Peter-pan like crimes in Haiti)
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Prophet
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Convey divine revelations gained thru dreams/visions
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Symbol
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Anything we can perceive with our sense that stands for something else
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Call System
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Meaningful sounds used as language (primates)
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Sociolinguistics
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A school of thought that focuses on the relationship between language and culture
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Linguistic Determination
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Language determines consciousness of the world and behavior
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Biological Anthropology
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Studies humanity as biological
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Archeological anthropology
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Studies humanity based on the past left behind
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Sociocultural anthropology
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Study of living peoples cultures including variation and change
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Malenowski
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He believed in "functionalism"
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Boas
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He believed in cultural relativism- each culture muct be understood by that culture and not judged by others (Margaret Mead)
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