86 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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three elastic arteries
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aorta, coratid, subclavian
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what happens to cancer cells in lymph node
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metastasis
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three lymphatic ducts
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thoracic duct (enters left subclavian vein), right lymphatic duct (enters right subclavian vein), cisterna chylis (chylomicrons)
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plaque buildup in gums and goes into bloodsteam
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periodontal disease
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type of proteins on chylomicrons
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apiloproteins
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chylomicrons are absorbed in _____ and destroyed in _________
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small intestine
liver
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organ that makes/destroys LDL's and HDL's
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liver
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condition where myocardium die due to ischemia
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myocardial infarction
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spots on skin if capillaries dont form platelet plug
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petechiae
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converts ADP-->AMP +Pi in normal capillaries
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CD-39
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condition where blood clot wont form properly
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hemophilia
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anticoagulant that binds to Ca++ to make it unavailable to cells
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Sodium Citrate
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location of cardiac center
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medullla
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location of baroreceptors
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carotid sinus and aortic arch
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3 effectors of stroke volume
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contractility, peripheral resistance (afterload), end diastolic volume (preload)
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increase in pulmonary circuit pressure by damaged left ventricle causes ________ which causes fluid pushed into lungs causing _______
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pulminary hypertension
pulminary congestion
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veins are ____ vessels; arteries are ____vessels
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capacitance
resistance
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excessive accumulation of tissue fluid
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edema
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ADH made in _____ and trasferred by neurocapillary bed to ____ where it is then transferred to kidneys
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hypothalamus
neurohypophysis
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location of osmoreceptors (think ADH)
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hypothalamus
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secretes aldosterone
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adrenal cortex
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agiotensin II raises blood pressure by what three actions
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1) its a vasoconstrictor
2)causes adrenal cortex to release renin
3)stimulates thirst centers
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antagonist to aldosterone
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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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Pouisselle's Law purpose and equation
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blood flow
(delta P* r^4 * pi)/(L*V*8)
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Mean Arterial Pressure
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(pulse pressure/3)+diastolic
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paracrine factors effecting blood flow
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nitric oxide and prostacyclin
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autoregulation of blood flow is accomplished by ____
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myogenic control centers-->arterioles have stretch receptors that open ion channels to contract muscle if blood flow is too fast
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body responds to short-term changes in blood pressure by ______
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baroreceptor reflex
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low blood pressure when you stand up
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orthostatic hypotension
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baroreceptor reflex alters ____ (part of brain) which has _____center and ______ center
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medulla
vasomotor center (dialate/constrict)
cardiac center (sym/para response)
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type II aveoli don't secrete surfactant-->causes this disease
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hylaine membrane disease
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two zones of respiratory system
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conducting zone
respiratory zone
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separates chest into right and left pleural cavities
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mediastinum
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Boyle's Lawe
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pressure= 1/V used for lungs
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measure breathing
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spirometer
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separates chest into right and left pleural cavities
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mediastinum
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Boyle's Lawe
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pressure= 1/V used for lungs
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measure breathing
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spirometer
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name for and amount of air kept in lungs that isnt exchanged with blood
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residual volume; 1L
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two types of lung diseases and examples
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restrictive-vital capacity lowered-pulminary fibrosis
obstructive-hard to exhale-COPD's-->bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
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Henry's Law
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gas dissolved in fluid
S*PP/T
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amount of O2 in plasma when breathing pure air
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1.5 mL
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reactive hyperemia in systemic compared to pulminary
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-rush O2 to areas in systemic
-cut of O2 to areas in pulminary
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respiratory center in medulla
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rhythmicity area- inspiratory and exspiratory neurons that create action potentials at own pace via HCN channels
isp neuron-->s.m. neuron-->inspir muscle
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two types of chemoreceptors and their location
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central-medulla(long term changes)
peripheral-carotid sinus and aorta (short term changes)
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normal CO2 pp in body, if this is off chemoreceptors cause you to breathe fast of slow
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40mmHG
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loss of automatic breathing control
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Ondine's curse
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molecule that transports O2 in blood
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hemoglobin
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CO bonds to hemoglobin-deadly
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carboxyhemoglobin
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# heme groups and #O2 hemoglobin can bond to because each contain an iron
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4
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use ___blood to determine oxyhemoglobin content (blood here is almost 100% oxyhemoglobin)
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arterial
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2 factors that determine loading/unloading of O2 by hemoglobin
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1). ppO2 in blood
2) bond affinity of O2 to hemoglobin
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three factors effecting bond affinity of O2 to hemoglobin
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1. temperature
2. pH (inversely prop)
3. amount of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
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side product of glycolosis that effects O2 unloading
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2,3diphosphoglycerate
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amounts and ways that CO2 is transferred in blood
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10% dissolved in plasma as CO2
20% bonds to hemoglobin to form carboaminohemoglobin
remaining 70% is transferred in plasma as bicarbonate
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enzyme that converts CO2 to bicarbonate and vice versa
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carbonic anhydrase
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name for when chlorine comes into cell after bicarbonate has left
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chloride shift
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typical pH in large arteris
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7.35-7.45
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acid that can be converted into gas (carbonic acid is this type)
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volatile
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lactic acid and keytone bodies are examples of ___ acids
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metabolic
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two waste products that kidney gets rid of
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urea and creatinine
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two layers of bowmann's capsule
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visceral and parietal layer
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acid base balance in lungs is fixed by
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hypo/hyperventalation
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two nephron types
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cortical and juxtamedullary
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three steps of glomerular filtration
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1) go through fenestrated endothelium of glom
2)basement membrane of glom.-->glycoproteins cause meshwork sieve
3)visceral layer of capsule- podocytes with pedicles
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two ways Glom Filtration Rate is regulated
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1) Extrensically-Sym NS
2)Intrisically-Renal autoregulation (JGA and macula densa)
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what does macula densa secrete to cause vasoconstriction
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Adenosine
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what do granular cells of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus secrete
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renin
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obligatory water loss amount
|
400ml/day
|
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parts of proximal convoluted tubule
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apical side, lateral surfaces (connected by junctional complexes) and basal membrane(Na+/K+ pumps)
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filtrate is _____ to blood plasma
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ionically isoosmotic
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PCT absorbs ____ % of salt and water and DCT Absorbs ______ % of salt and water in automatic fashion
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65
20
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method by which loop of henle and vasa recta create salt and water gradient
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counter current multiplication via countercurrent exchange
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ascending limb of vasa recta is ____ ;this allows for NaCl outward diffusion
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fenestrated
|
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urea gets caught between _____ and ____
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collecting duct
ascending loop of henle
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collecting duct is permeable to ___ and impermeable to _______
|
water
salt
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___ causes collecting ducts to be more permeable to water
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ADH
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ADH puts ____ into membrane of collecting duct
|
aquaporins
|
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how does aldosterone effect DCT and collecting duct
|
makes apical surface more permeable to salt & accelerates Na+/K+ pumps on basal membrane
|
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aldosterone causes the ____ of Na+ and the ____ of K+
|
reabsorption
secretion
|
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this region of nephron is where K+ excretion takes place
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cortical region of collecting duct
|
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3 things effecting renin secretion
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1) decreased blood pressure-baroreceptor reflex
2)sympathetic stimulation-cause granular cells to secrete renin
3) macula densa can block renin secretion
|
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minium amount of a substance that causes substance to be excreted into urine
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Renal Plasma Threshold
|
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glucose in urine
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Glycosuria (Renal Plasma threshold for glucose is 180 mg/100ml)
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____ in blood caused by buildup of glucose in blood due to diabetes mellitus and insulin cant bring glucose into cells
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Hyperglycemia
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asthma, emphysema and bronchitis are examples of ____
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COPDs chronic obstructive pulminary diseases
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BIOL 460: Test 2