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HIST 106: FINAL EXAM
Wilson's Fourteen Points |
Proposed a 14-point program for world peace. These points were later taken as the basis for peace negotiations at the end of the war. Built on national self- determination, open diplomacy, and freedom of commerce and travel. The Fourteen Points speech was the only explicit statement of war aims by any of the nations fighting in World War I. |
Prohibition |
The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcohol including alcoholic beverages. Went into effect January 1920. Lead to rise of crime- Al Capone. Speakeasies were created for people to sell alcohol illegally. Many people concocted their own liquor called bathtub gin. The Volstead Act of 1919 created a prohibition bureau in treasury dept.
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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti |
Italian Immigrants. Arrested and charged with robbing and murdering a paymaster of a shoe company in MA. They were self- proclaimed anarchists. Sacco had an alibi. Both were innocent but convicted of the crime and sentenced to death. They were convicted because of anti- radicalism and xenophobia. |
Marcus Garvey |
Jamaican- born black nationalist. Moved to harlem in 1916 opened up a branch of UNIA (universal negro improvement association). He believed that AA did not have a future in America and should live separately from whites. Established the black star line shipping company. He did not represent all AA. Believed that AA should move to Africa to create their own nation- state. He was arrested for mail fraud and deported back to Jamaica. Believed that "Black is beautiful"
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Spokes Monkey Trail |
A substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. First jury trail broadcast on live radio. 900 spectators in court room. Reached a guilty verdict in 9 minutes. Wanted to get evolution to be taught in schools. |
Eugenics |
A pseudo- science based on notions of racial superiority. Some states allowed "inferior" women to be sterilized without their knowledge or consent. Sterilization of children born out of wedlock. Anglo- Saxon Protestants believed that children born out of wedlock would have children out of wedlock so to stop them when they were born they would sterilize them. Mental reason was they were seen to be feeblemindedness. Buck vs Bell: carried buck was a daughter of a single parent, she was raped and became pregnant, was sent to state institute for the feebleminded and deemed morally unfit for childhood. Her 16 year old sister was brought in being told she had to get her appendix out but they really just sterilized her. 30 states had sterilization laws |
Scottsboro boys |
Nine African-American teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. An all white- jury convicted them of rape and sentenced them to death. A new trail was conducted based on not enough evidence but they were convicted again. None were executed but they spent long years in jail. Major rallying point for civil rights activists, liberals, and radicals. |
Dust Bowl |
Period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US plains regions during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. OK, TX, CO, MX ,KS. Drove 60% of pop out of the region. Okies who were migrant from Oklahoma moved to CA to start over.
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Hoovervilles |
Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression. These people lost their homes and farms during the depression. There were hundreds of them all over the country and hundreds of thousands of people lived in these slums. |
HUAC |
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. Destroyed many careers of prominent figures as well as average Americans. They also investigated Hollywood |
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937) |
Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war and forbidding Americans from traveling on the ships of belligerent powers. Based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies. FDR found a way around these acts to help China. |
Japanese Internment |
Executive Order 9066 forced relocation and incarceration during World War II of 120,000 Japanese Americans who lived on the Pacific coast in camps in the interior of the country. 2/3 American citizens (Nisei) and couldn't be removed. There was no mass internment of Germans or Italians. 1% of Japanese were taken from Hawaii. J. Edgar Hoover opposed the internment. Received a weeks notice to evacuate. 33,000 joined the military to prove their loyalty.
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No No Boys |
Japanese young men who answered no no to both questions asked by the draft. American decided to draft young Japanese men to the war. They had to answer a 2 part questionnaire. 5,300 answered No No; 4,600 refused to answer. The questions were based on if they were willing to serve and if they would swear their unqualified allegiance to the USA. |
McCarthyism |
A campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954. Brought the fear of the Soviet threat to America's own backyard. 2 spices are found guilty and executed. Laid the foundation for the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee.. escalation of tensions between USSA and USA. American Employee Loyalty Act created (1947): employees had to pledge loyalty to US gov. |
G.I. Bill |
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. Extended crucial financial aid to veterans. It provided lower cost mortgages, created veteran administration hospitals to provide lifetime medical treatment, paid tuition and stipends for college and vocational training. GI bill was the one area in which the US expanded its own welfare state. Eased veteran re-entry after the war.
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Truman Doctrine |
An American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
Provided funding for the reconstruction of Western Europe. |
Marshall Plan |
Dedicated American resources to the economic reconstruction of Western Europe. $12.4 billion for US goods helped US economy. This plan strengthened the global free- market. This plan was created to prevent depression/ spread of communism. Stalin thought this was an attempt to spread capitalism and strangle Soviet economy.
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NSC-68 National Security Council |
Together with the CIA called for fostering of change in Soviet system. Articulated the logic for National Security State. Argued that the US had entered an era of permanent crisis because of the expansion of communism and the hostile intentions of the Soviet Union. |
Brown vs. Board of Education |
Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. |
Emmett Till |
Emmett Louis Till was an African-American teenager who was lynched in Mississippi at the age of 14, after reportedly whistling at a white women. His killers later confessed to the crime but an all white jury found them innocent. The Southern Manifesto was created promising to oppose federal desegregation efforts. |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. A deal: the USSR will withdraw missiles from Cuba if the USA agrees to never invade Cuba and remove its missiles from Turkey. The Test Ban Treated (1963) created banning all nuclear testing on ground. |
Malcolm X |
American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s. Malcolm X was a Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement. Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965 while giving a speech in New York City. The assassins were said to be Black Muslims, although this was never proved.
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Tet Offensive |
Communist military attacks across South Vietnam in Jan-Feb 1968. Named for the Vietnamese New Year. The name given to a campaign in January 1968 by the Viet Cong to attack twenty-seven South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon. It ended in a military defeat for the Viet Cong, but at the same time, proved that Johnson's "gradual escalation" strategy was not working, shocking an American public that believed the Vietnam conflict was a sure victory |
Students for a Democratic Society |
Founded in Michigan 1962; radical organization wanted to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence; embraced liberal reforms; advocated participator democracy. One of the main representations of the New Left. Called for a rejuvenation of American politics and society to replace the complacency that they saw pervading the country. |
Counterculture |
Called hippies. Aimed at undermining repressive capitalist culture. Rejected materialism, competition, and conformity. Believed in non-mainstream religions like buddhism. Challenged views on drugs, lifestyles, and sex (many used drugs to test the limit of the mind). Use new forms of music/ dress (men had long hair). Music was the most common coin. The most lasting change of the sexual revolution. |
Roe vs. Wade |
Court case about abortion. Court decision that women have a right to abortion during the 1st two trimesters. This was a symbol of reproductive freedom. Legal abortion; Court justices ruled that governments lacked the power to ban abortions, due to the decision protected by the 14th Amendment |
NOW |
National Organization of Women. American feminist organization founded in 1966. Founded by Betty Friedan. Created to lobby against sexual discrimination in places such as employment, wages, education, and jury duty. formed to work for economic and legal rights of women; demanded equality in educational and job opportunies, wages, and political representation; creation of childcare facilities;
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1968 Democratic Convention |
Held in a hotel in Chicago where delegates voted down a peace resolution and seemed ready to nominate John's former vice, Hubert Humphrey, when protesters gathered for a rally outside. Police beat/arrested them to break up the crowd as the violence was caught on film. The Democrats still elected Humphrey. The convention voted for war.
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Détente |
The lessening of military or diplomatic tensions, as between the US and the Soviet Union. Kissenger advocated for a new foreign policy. He advocated for détenet (relaxation of tensions). Nixon went to USSR, verified policy of détente. Détenet deteriorated when Carter was president and caused the cold war to deepen. Reagan rejected détente.
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Vietnamization |
Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual take over of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice.
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Pentagon Papers |
The name given to a secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967Articles by The New York Times about a top-secret study of America's involvement in the Vietnam War. The information was "leaked" to the newspaper by the former Pentagon official Daniel Ellsberg.
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Watergate |
Agents of Nixon's reelection campaign broke into the Washington D.C. hotel- office complex democratic party headquarters. Nixon helped cover up the break- in. Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment. Nixon had recordings of his meetings and they were used against him. |
U.C. vs Bakke (1978) |
Imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority. In other words, affirmative action was unfair if it lead to reverse discrimination. The case involved the University of Calif., Davis, Medical School and Allan Bakke, a white applicant who was rejected twice even though there were minority applicants admitted with significantly lower scores than his. A closely divided Court ruled that while race was a legitimate factor in school admissions, the use of rigid quotas was not permissible. |
Reagan Democrats |
A traditionally Democratic voter in the United States, especially a white working-class Northerner, who defected from their party to support Republican President Ronald Reagan in either or both the 1980 and 1984 elections. The nickname given to southern and blue-collar workers who began to vote Republicans in 1980 due to their socially conservative values. Were democrats who decided to lean away from the democratic party during the election and vote for Ronald Reagan instead. |
Feminization of Poverty |
The phenomenon in which women experience poverty at rates that are disproportionately high in comparison to men. This is because of not being paid as much. |
"Contract with America" |
A platform developed by Speaker of the House Gingrich during the 1994 elections that outlined a series of conservative legislative goals endorsed by about 300 republican congressional candidates. Completely dismantled welfare state all for a balanced budget. Moral goal was to end abortions, increase number of prisons, and increase defense spending. |
Welfare Reform Act (1996) |
1996 law that established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements. Could only be on welfare for 2 years. Increased the power of the states relative to the federal government
replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program with block grants to the states
illustrated the process of devolution by giving states greater discretion to determine how to implement the federal goal of transferring people from welfare to work |
Homegrown Terrorism |
Violence at abortion clinics and against doctors, children use guns to murder (columbine) handguns are easy to buy, 1995 bombing of federal building in oklahoma city found that veterans of iraq did it, deep anger at gov. |
L.A. Riots |
Riots started in April 1992 after a trial jury acquitted four police officers of the Los Angeles Police Department of the use of excessive force in the videotaped arrest and beating of Rodney King, following a high-speed police chase. These riots killed 58, 4,000 businesses destroyed. Most affected were minorities.
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2000 President Election |
George Bush Jr. vs Al Gore. This election exposed defects in the election process, from faulty ballots and voting machines to the role of the media, and raised serious questions about the value of the electoral college. Also revealed the flaws in the system disfranchised large numbers of poor and minority. Al Gore won the popular vote by half a million but Bush won Florida which required a recount because it was strange. Bush's brother Jeb Bush is governor of Florida.
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Patriot Act |
George W. Bush Jr put into place in October 2001. Increased the U.S. Justice Department's range of options for spying on and detaining citizens and noncitizens suspected of pro- terrorist activites. Arrested hundreds on illegal immigrants and imprisoned them. |
Regime Change in Iraq |
Saddam possessed weapons of mass destruction and could attack the US and also to reshape the mideast into a region less hostile to the US and its ally Israel.
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Hurricane Katrina |
In 2005 the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States. Killed over 1,800 people primarily in Mississippi and Louisiana leaving much of New Orleans under water. A slow and ineffective response was given by the federal gov. Caused mass evacuation. Reinforced image of administration's incompetence in Iraq.
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