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HIST 101: Exam 3
Estruscans
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successors of the early Iron Age, mud-brick homes, with timber on stone foundations.
heavy influence on early Rome, contributing to the line of Roman kings with the Tarquins. Dominance of Etruscans ended with Roman sack of Veii.
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Aeneas
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refugee of the trojan war, founder of Roman culture.
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consuls
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served in the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic.
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Patres
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head of a Roman family.
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clientage
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form of legal protection on the part of the patron of their clients.
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hepatoscopy
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the examination of the liver of sacrificial animals. famous by Babylonians.
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Romulus
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founder of Rome, killed his twin brother Remus.
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Senate
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originally advisors to the kings, came from patrician families. later, equites (wealthy, non-patricians) were drafted or conscripted into the Roman Senate. membership in the Senate was for life.
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Tarquin the Proud
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last king of Rome, him and his family were expelled from Rome.
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Lucretia
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raped by Sextus Tarquinius, took her own life the next day.
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Patricians
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the upper class of Rome.
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Plebeians
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the lower class of Rome.
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Tribunes
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officials whose task it was to protect the people against oppression and defend their rights, Plebeian representatives.
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plebiscite
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is a vote by the people about a political issue.
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Twelve Tables
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first written law code, formed by a commission of ten men (Decemviri).
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Cinicinnatus
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named dictator to defend Rome against Aequi and the Volscians,
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Council of the Plebs
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it functioned as a legislative assembly, through which the plebeians could pass laws, elect magistrates, and try judicial cases.
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Pyrrhus of Epirus
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Greek military general and King of Epirus.
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Servius Tullius
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succeeded Tarquin as king of Rome, took first census, re-ordered military.
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Celtic sack of Rome
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after defeating the Romans at Allia, the Celts went on to Rome. which they sacked and occupied, after months of siege, the Celts were bribed with gold and left.
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Second Punic War
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following the first, Carthage agreed to pay a steep tribute to Rome, Hamilcar longed for revenge passing his hatred of Rome to his son, Hannibal that lead the campaign.
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Crisis at Saguntum
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after an eight month siege Hannibal captured Saguntum to goad the romans into war.
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Mercenary Revolt
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Carthage mercenaries revolted over a pay dispute, Rome used this as an excuse to invade and conquer the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.
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Hannibal Barca
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leader of the military forces of Carthage that fought in the second punic war, considered Rome's greatest enemy.
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Scipio Africanus
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won the second punic war by defeating Hannibal at Zama.
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Battle of Cannae
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Hannibal's greatest victory of the second punic war, substantially smaller force.
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Battle of Zama
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last battle of the second punic war, Hannibal vs. Scipio.
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Third Punic War
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African tribes neghboring Carthage made hasty raids into Carthaginian territory, Carthage could not pursue according to the peace treaty made with Rome. Eventually, Carthage got back into armor and went after the Numidians. The treaty being broken, Rome declared war on Carthage. Scipio Aemilianus took the city of Carthage, after clearing all inhabitants the Romans razed and burned the city.
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Jugurtha
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African king from Numidia, after arranging to have a rival killed he lost all Roman support. War broke out between Rome and Numidia. Jugurtha was executed by the Romans.
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Polybius
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historian form Greece. provided data on the Punic Wars from a non-Roman perspective.
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Cato the Elder
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an austere leader of the Roman Republic, responsible for the saying that Carthage must be destroyed.
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Tiberius Gracchus/Gaius Gracchus
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Roman brothers who tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower class.
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de agricultura
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a manual on farming, widely used by Romans
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Spartacus
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a Thracian slave and gladiator who led a slave rebellion.
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Marius
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won the Jurguthine War and reformed the army, served for an unprecedented seven times as consul.
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Sulla
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served under Marius, refusing an order by the Senate, Sulla marched on Rome -- an act of civil war. Sulla made Marius an outlaw, in which Marius marched on Rome. handed out confiscated property to his veterans. Sulla est. as dictator, later rewarding his own veterans with land. stepped down as dictator and died a year later.
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Social wars
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a civil war between the Romans and their Italian allies.
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Crassus
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given the command against Spartacus, to defeat him and his slave revolt.
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Pompey
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roman military leader, formed what is known as the First Triumvirate.
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Cicero
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patrician who conspired against Rome, plot came to be known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy.
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Catiline
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patrician who conspired against Rome, plot came to be known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy.
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First Triumvirate
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Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus
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Gallic Wars
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as proconsul, Caesar fought battles against the tribes in Gaul.
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equestrian class
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Roman horseman or knights, called eques/equites
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Julius Caesar
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started annexing Europe, caused a civil war, and incited his own assassination. hailed imperator by adoring troops, quaestor, aedile, consul, and elected pontifex maximus.
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Brutus
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assassin of Caesar, committed suicide.
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optimates
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literally, the "best" men in Rome. wished to extend the power of the Senate.
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Ides of March
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March 15, the day a group of Roman senator assassinated Julius Caesar.
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Second Triumvirate
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Octavian (Augustus), Marcus Lepidus, and Mark Anthony.
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Octavian
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first emperor of Rome, adopted son of Caesar.
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Cleopatra
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the last pharaoh of Egypt. held affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony, and hated by Augustus. committed suicide.
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Virgil
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roman poet. a patron of the arts and minister of Octavian.
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Marc Anthony
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a solider and statesman, known for stirring eulogy at the funeral of Caesar
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Livy
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roman historian, wrote Ah Urbe Condita Libri .
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Pac Romana
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latin for "Roman Peace" lasted about 27 B.C. until A.D. -- death of Marcus Aurelius.
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Princeps
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used to refer to the consuls, without offense.
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Tiberius
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second emperor of Rome, succeeded Augustus after his death
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Caligula
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Tiberius' successor, died in a suspicion of being poisoned.
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Claudius
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became emperor after nephew was assassinated. suffered from various physical infirmities. poisoned by his wife, to secure her son's future.
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Nero
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became emperor by the death of Claudius. used treason laws to kill anyone considered a threat, obliged to commit suicide.
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Trajan
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emperor, spent most his life on campaigns. designated optimus princeps.
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Marcus Aurelius
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last of five "good" emperors. wrote on his meditations.
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Commodus
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excessive emperor. took rome into inflation. very involved in the gladiatorial games.
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Five Good Emperors
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Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius.
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Jewish Revolt
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first revolt against Rome, under emperors Vespasian and Titus, culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70. The second Jewish revolt -- known as the Bar Kochba revolt -- began in 132 against the Emperor Hadrian.
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Septimius Severus
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became emperor after the murder of Pertinax, he came to power by disposing of rivals. restored stability, making expensive changes to military.
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Barracks Emperors
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emperors who seize power by virtue of their command of the army.
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Third Century Collapse
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The Roman Empire was split into eastern and western halves in an attempt to make for easier rule and better control.
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Theodosius I
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sent to exile by emperor Valentinian, the called to reclaim Constantinople. appointed co-Augustus to replace Emperor Valens by Gratian.
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Diocletian
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came to power through military career. increased troops and installed them at empires borders. responsible for persecutions of Manichaeans and Christians. ended the "Crisis of the Third Century". Great Persecution.
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Constantine
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1st emperor to support Christianity. created new central, Christian city for Roman empire at Byzantium (Constantinople)
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Donatus/Donatism
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donatism was a heretical sect of early Christianity, founded by Donatus Magnus, which believed that sanctity was a requisite for church membership and administration of sacraments.
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Reforms of Diocletian
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established to remedy the mess that the empire faced. came after period of many assassinated emperors. a four part division of the empire. with 4 men to move through assassination is less likely, more stable form of government.
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Paul of Tarsus
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set the tone for christianity, including its emphasis on celibacy and the theory of divine grace and salvation.
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Mani/Manichaeism
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a dualistic, gnostic, faith based on the teachings of the third century Parthian prophet Mani. good and evil. darkness and light.
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Battle of Milvian Bridge
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Constantine was victorious for control of the western empire against Maxentius.
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Arius/Arians
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Arius believed if the Son were equal to the Father, there would be more than one God. Arians were his followers.
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Council of Nicaea
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an assembly of theologians and church dignitaries. called to discuss the doctrines of the church when Christianity took hold in the Roman Empire.
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Petrine office
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known as Roman Papacy, has authority over all other church leaders.
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Rock/Keys
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given to Saint Peter by Jesus
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Vulgate
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Jerome's translation of the bible
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Council of Constantinople
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requested council of both eastern and western bishops to resolve the split at the council of Seleucia. after a resolve was found, several bishops were banished.
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Ambrose
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bishop of Milan. of one four fathers of the early church.
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Jerome
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translated the bible (vulgate). one of four fathers of the early church.
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Visigoths
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known for their sack of Rome, led by King Alaric. from Spain.
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St. Pachomius
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created the communal arrangement of monasteries known as cenobitism.
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"Great Persecution"
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edict against Christians. Diocletian.
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St. Antony
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first real monk
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Augustine of Hippo
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wrote City of God. one of four fathers of the early church.
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St. Simeon Stylites
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spent life on a pillar. turned away from monastery for his excessive self-mortification.
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Valens
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the emperor who lost and died in the battle of adrianople to the Goths. whom valens had given permission only two years earlier to settle in Roman territory.
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Ostrogoths
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settled in Italy, where they adopted Roman culture. they helped protect the citizens from other barbarians. greatest leader-Theodoric.
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Vandals
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a germanic tribe. invaded Roman territory, given land in Pannonia. established kingdom in North Africa.
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Huns
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nomadic barbarian group. rape and pillage. (Scythian)
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Attila the Hun
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leader of the huns. known at the 'Scourge of God'.
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Theodoric
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king of the Ostrogoths. captured italy, establishing his capital at Ravenna.
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Germanic successor states
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Spain-Visigoths, N.Africa-Vandals, Italy-Ostrogoths.
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Clovis
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first King of the Franks. first conversion (486) Catholic.
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wergeld
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value placed on every human being and every piece of property
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corpus iuris civilus
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comprehensive code of Roman law and the basic document of all modern civil law. compiled by Byzantine Emperor Justinian.
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Franks
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germanic tribe
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Justinian
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christian emperor. reorganization of the government and his codification of the laws, the Codex Justinianus.
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Battle of Adrianople
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after given permission to settle in Roman territory, problems between the Goths and Romans quickly boiled over and led to war. a defeat for the Romans to the Goths. shown to be out maneuvered and vulnerable to heavy cavalry. Valens ignorance lost this battle, in which he was killed.
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