GEOG 203: EXAM 3
134 Cards in this Set
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Biosphere
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Context within which life exists
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Population
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A population comprises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time
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Communities
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Community refers to all the populations in a specific area or region at a certain time and their interactions.
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Ecosystem
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Ecosystems are a self sustaining association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment
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Biome
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large, stable, terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem classified by the predominant vegetation type and the adaptations to that environment.
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Habitat
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environment in which an organism resides or biologically is adapted to live.
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Niche
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function, or occupation of a life form in a given community.
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Mutualism
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associations between pairs of species that bring mutual benefit.
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Parasitism
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obtain food at the expense of their hosts and prey
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Autotrophs
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Produce their own food
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Heterotrohps
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Consumers; have to obtain food from outside source
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Decomposers
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Digest organic debris outside their bodies and release nutrients in the process
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Photosynthesis
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6Co2+6H2O+Sunlight=C6H12O6+6O2
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Net Primary Productivity
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Takes account for Loss.
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Life Zones
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Originally=Alexander Humboldt, Elevation
Modern= Hart Merriam, temp and Precip
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Succession
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organized change in community, from simple to complex
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Primary Succession
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establishment of plants on land that has not been previously vegetated
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Secondary Succession
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is the invasion of a habitat by plants on land that was previously vegetated.
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Tropical Rain Forests
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1.) Most diverse expression of life
2.) High Precip=ITCZ
3.) High Temp=Insolation
4.) Big Trees
5.) Cancer Drugs
6.) Half of all Species
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Tropical Savanna
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1.) Grasslands
2.) Almost half of surface
3.) warm
4.) distinct wet and dry
5.) scattered trees and shrubs
6.) Heterotrophs
7.) Xerophytes
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Xerophytes
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Have adaptations that help them conserve water
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Deserts
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1.) Hot and dry
2.) Continental
3.) Large Temp Variations
4.) Low Precip=Subtropical high
5.) Little biomass
6.) Succulents
7.) Jojoba
8.) atacama Desert
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Succulents
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thick, fleshy plant tissue, hold water well, needles for protection
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Jojoba
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Plant that you get oil from for shampoo, vertically oriented leaves-less transpiration
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Atacama Desert
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Dryest place on earth
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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1.) Deciduous Trees dominate
2.) Coniferous Trees
3.) Common NA animals
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Deciduous Trees
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trees that lose their leaves, so they dont lose water
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Coniferous trees
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Evergreen trees- trees that do not lose their leaves, cant store as much water, less transpiration
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Temperate Rain Forest
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1.) High Rainfall
2.) High diversity
3.) Some of tallest trees in world
4.) Coastal RedWood
5.) Northern Spotted Owl
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Coastal Redwood tree
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largest trees in world, 30 stories high
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Mediterranean Shrubland
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1.) Hot Dry seasons=subtropical high
2.) Mild, wet winters=subpolar lows
3.) shrubland-short plant, multiple stems
4.) Schlerophyllous
5.) fires
6.) Santa Ana Winds
deeper roots, eastward, wetter, being converted to farmland
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Schlerophylls leaves
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small, hard, waxy leaves
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Midlatitude Grassland
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1.) Lower Precip
2.) Continental
3.) Steppe
4.) Great Plains
5.) Argentina-Beef
6.) Crops
7.) most heavily modified
8.) Tall and Short Grass
9.) Grasses dependent on fire
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Tall Grass
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deeper roots, eastward, wetter, being converted to farmland
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Short grass
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middle US, westward, dense leaves and roots
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Boreal Forest (Taiga)
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1.) Subartic
2.) Short summers, Long winters
3.) Precip=Snow
4.) Coniferous Trees Dominate
5.) Discontinuous Permafrost
6.) Cone Serotiny
7.) Giant Sequoia
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Cone Seroteny
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cones open, and release seeds in presence of heat and fire
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Giant Sequoia
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3000 years old, 810 tons in weight, similar to redwood
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Tundra (Artic/Alpine)
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1.) Short Summer, Long Winter
2.) Scarce trees
3.) shrubs, and low line vegetation
4.) Continuous Permafrost
5.) Few Deep Roots ^^^^
6.) low level of diversity
7.) Concern for melting permafrost
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Earths Interior
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1.) Thin Crust
2.) Upper Mantle
3.) Lower Mantle
4.) Outer Core
5.) Inner Core
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How they came up with idea of earths interior?
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1.) Magnetic field from iron core
2.) Path of seismic waves and ability to detect
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Crust
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1.) Thin shell
2.) Ocean Crust- more dense
3.) Continental Crust- less dense
4.) When they come in contact=ocean crust sinks beneath
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Magma
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molten rock
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Igneous Rock
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cooled magma
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Sediment
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weathering and erosion of igneous rock
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Sediment Rock
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sediment compacts
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Metamorphic rock
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sediment rock heated and pressurized
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Plate Tectonics
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1.) Earths crust is not 1 solid piece
2.) Alfred Wegener first proposed- Cont. Drift
3.) Rocks are same on different continents
4.) Species " " " " "
5.) coal in Anartica- formed by tropical plants
6.) Continental Drift
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Pangea
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1.) One large continent
2.) believe it split through millions of years
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Magma
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1.) Molten Rock
2.) Comes through cracks in earths surface
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Lava
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1.) when magma comes through earths surface
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Ocean to Ocean Convergent
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1.) Creates Volcanic Island Chains
2.) When ocean plates collide into each other
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Ocean to Continent Convergent
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1.) Ocean plates collide into land
2.) Creates long mtn Chains of Volcanic Islands on pacific coasts of America
3.) Ocean subducts under lighter cont. plate
4.) Trenches, volcanoes and Earthquakes
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Continent to Continent Convergent
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1.) Crustal plats converge
2.) Creates Earthquakes
3.) Mtn Range formed at plate boundries
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Divergent Plates
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1.) Plates Separate
2.) Volcano eruptions
3.) Plates move apart from each other
4.) Primary Succession potential
5.) Creates gap in surface
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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Ring of volcanic activity and seismic waves surrounding the pacific coast
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Mariana Trench
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1.) East of Phillipenes
2.) the deepest Trench in the world, over 7 miles
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Hot Spots
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1.) Holes where magma rises up
2.) How Hawaii Formed
3.) Individual sights of upward movements from the mantle
4.) Forms new Islands
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Earthquakes
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1.) Divergent plates creates stress
2.) When energy is released, called earthquake
3.) Epicenter
4.) Focus
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Epicenter
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1.) Point on Earths surface directly above the focus
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Focus
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1.) Point of origin of earthquake
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Scales for Earthquakes
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1.) Mercalli
2.) Moment Magnitude Scale
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Mercalli Earthquake Scale
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1.) Qualitive measure of how strong and amount of damage
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Moment Magnitude Scale
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1.) How to measure the amount of energy released
2.) Logarithmic scale
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Tsunamis
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1.) Harbor waves
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How Tsunamis Form
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1.) Plate boundary slips
2.) Earthquake happens
3.) Displaces Water
4.) Builds up as wave
5.) Hits shore and caused damage
6.) Hard to detect, bc they happen so fast
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Volcanos
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1.) vent that magma rises up out of and builds a mountain
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AA Lava
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1.) Jagged
2.) Sharp
3.) Thick Lava
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Pahoehoe Lava
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1.) Smooth
2.) Slow moving lava
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Pyroclastic Flow
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1.) Bits of pulverized rock and fire mixed together
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Viscosity
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1.) Resistance to flow
2.) Less viscous- less severe eruptions
3.) More viscous- more severe eruptions; it clogs vent, builds up pressure and explodes
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Shield Volcano
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1.) Less viscous lava
2.) Gentle sloped
3.) Effusive (not explosive)
4.) Hawaii
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Cinder Cone
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1.) Bits of hot rocks and clasts
2.) When they explode the rocks and clasts build up around vent
3.) Smaller
4.) Explosive
5.) Paricutin in Mexico
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Stratovolcano (Composite Cone)
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1.) layers of alternating cooled lava and clasts by stratification
2.) Mt. Fiji
3.) Explosive
4.) high Viscosity
5.) Magma and gas build up psi-explosive
6.) Often they are most Destructive
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Caldera
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1.) Huge Volcano
2.) Eruption is so violent that top of Mtn collapses into itself
3.) Craters in Lake Oregon
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Explosive
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The gasses build up to high psi, bc the magma rises to top then cools, blocking off vent, once enough psi builds up it explodes. More Viscous Magma
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Effusive
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Less viscous magma, not explosive
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Weathering
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1.) Breaking down of rock
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Erosion
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1.) Movement away of broken down rock
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Physical Weathering
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1.) Frost action/Freeze thaw
2.) Salt Crystal Growth
3.) Exfoliation
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Frost action/Freeze thaw
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1.) Water Gets in crack
2.) Freezes, then thaws
3.) Widens crack
4.) Forces Rock apart
5.) Increases surface area
6.) Microthermal climate, high elevation
7.) Layers of hard rock and soft rock
8.) Patterns in the Artic are example
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Salt Crystal Weathering
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1.) Water gets in rock along with salt
2.) Salt builds up into crystals
3.) Adds force to rock
4.) Slowly splits it apart
5.) Near oceans, and arid deserts
6.) Can make honeycomb looking things called tafoni's
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Tafoni
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Honey comb looking things on rock where salt crystal weathering has taken place. Happens near oceans.
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Exfoliation
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1.) Magma beneath surface rises
2.) Cools (pluton), making rock over head
3.) overhead rock causes over burden
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Chemical Weathering
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1.) Breakdown of rock due to chemical reaction
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Oxidation
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1.) Chemical breakdown of rock (usually metallic) w/ the presence of water.
2.) Makes red appearance (rust)
3.) warm, moist environment
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Carbonation
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1.) Chemical breakdown of rock from reaction of CO2 with water
2.) Produces acids that eat away rock
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Mass Movements 4 types:
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1.) Creeps
2.) Falls
3.) Landslides
4.) Flows
Driest_______________________________Saturated
Slowest
| Creep Flows
| Landslides Flows
| Falls Flows
Fastest
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Creeps
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1.) Gradual
2.) Mass movement of surface soil
3.) Soil Creep
4.) Occurs with frost action
5.) Human Activity, cattle
6.) dry
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Falls
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1.) Mass movement at faster rate
2.) little to intermediate water content
3.) Mtn Regions
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Landslides
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1.) Sudden, rapid movement of cohesive mass of bedrock that is not saturated with moisture
2.) High Rainfall
3.) Marine west coast
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Mudflow
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1.) Fast movement of rock and mud
2.) High moisture
3.) If this happens stay in car and buckle seat belt
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Lahar
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1.) Mudflow on a volcano
2.) Water from snow melted by heat from lave
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Solifluction
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1.) Slow moving of saturated soil in Artic
2.) Snow Melts
3.) Carries saturated soil away slowly
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Scarification
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1.) Humans are involved in mass movement
2.) Ore piled up that cannot use-Mine tailings
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Fluvial
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Rivers, streams, water flow, etc....
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Drainage Basin
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1.) Control what comes in and out of river basin
2.) Local Scale
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Drainage Divide
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1.) Dividing line between drainage basins
2.) Local Scale
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Rills/Gullies
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1.) Carved into landscapes
2.) Cuts into land
3.) Start at high elevation
4.) Flows down, cutting into land
5.) Water adds up, builds into streams
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Discharge
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1.) amount of water that flows through section per unit of time
2.) Help know how dangerous river are
3.) Helps estimate when and how large a flood
4.) Gullies merge-discharge becomes higher
5.) Faster river flows- more availability to erosion and weathering
6.) Dissolv…
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Dissolved load
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chemically weathered
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Suspended load
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Particles you can see
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Bed load
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Larger rocks
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Braided Stream
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1.) No definite channel
2.) Areas with lots of sediments deposited
3.) Mud
4.) Chokes on sediment
5.) Mtn and Glaciers
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Meandering Stream
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1.) Single, Definite channel
2.) Each curve is a meandering
3.) Changes over time due to flooding, deposit.
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Oxbow Lake
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1.) Former Meander becomes isolated from the rest of the river
2.) When meandering stream curves meet
3.) Water takes shortest path
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Point bar
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1.) Where velocity is the slowest
2.) Where sediment is built up and deposited
3.) Builds little beach looking things
4.) usually on the inside of curve
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Cut bank
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1.) Bend in stream where velocity is highest
2.) Usually on the outside of curve
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Delta
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1.) Where river slows down and sediments are deposited
2.) High biodiversity
3.) Hunting and fishing is good
4.) Wetlands help to filter out Pollutants
5.) Example is Mississippi River delta
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Alpine Glacier
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1.) Mtn Glaciers
2.) High Altitude
3.) Form from gradual build up of snow
4.) Alps, Rockies, Hemilaya, Andies, Kilimenjaro
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Continental Glaciers
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1.) Large Area
2.) High latitude
3.) Antartica
4.) Greenland
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Cirque
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1.) Bowl Shaped formation
2.) Where old river or drainage basin was
3.) Moves down and converges to form large glaciers
4.) When they merge they make valley glaciers
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Tidewater Glacier
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1.) Valley Glacier that extends all the way to the ocean
2.) Front is suceptable to melting by ocean water
3.) Ice melts and breaks up-forming icebergs
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Calving
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1.) Breaking off and formation of ice bergs from tidewater glaciers
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Valley Glacier
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1.) Cirque glacier formed together were river was
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Accumulation Zone
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1.) Snow falls and accumulates
2.) weight increases and compresses into ice
3.) Starts to flow downhill
4.) Net gain if Accumulation is greater than ablation
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Ablation Zone
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1.) Rate of loss of ice is greater than gain
2.) sucseptable to melting
3.) Sublimation- ice to gas
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Crevasses
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1.) difference in psi in glacier
2.) Causes glacier to move at different speeds
3.) To relieve psi, makes break in glacier called a creavass
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Plucking
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1.) Act of picking up rocks and grinding along glacier
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Abrasion
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1.) the lines that rock form on glaciers from plucking
2.) Grinding on surface
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Arete
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1.) Sharp, knife like
2.) Form between Cirque
3.) Susceptible to more erosion
4.) If erosion occurs its called a Col
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Col
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1.) Where Arete is worn down
2.) Saddle shaped formation formed from eroded Aretes
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Horn
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1.) Sharp
2.) Triangular peak around cirque
3.) Sharp pyramid shapes around cirque
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Hanging Valley/Waterfall
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1.) Series of Cirque Glaciers meet with Valley Glaciers
2.) Valley Glacier cuts into rock deeper than cirque
3.) When they recede they make hanging valley, and often a waterfall
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Fjord
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1.) Type of Tidewater Glacier
2.) Flooded U shape Valley
3.) Carves out land till below sea level
4.) When glacier retreats it forms a Fjord, water then floods river bc its below sea level
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Till (Glacial Drift)
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1.) Rocks dropped by glacier
2.) Find braided stream bc lots of sediments
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Erratics (Glacial Drift)
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1.) Big boulders piled up by glacier
2.) after piled and become to large they drop
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Moraines (Glacial Drift)
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Small hills or mounds of till
1.) Lateral- forms side of glacier
2.) Medial- when lateral merge from valley glacier
3.) Terminal- farthest extent glacier has reached.
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Lateral Moraine
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1.) Forms side of glacier
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Medial Moraine
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1.) When lateral moraine merge from two valley glaciers
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Terminal Moraine
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1.) Farthest extent glacier has reached.
2.) Picks up till and drops it at bottom
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Freeze Thaw Causes
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1.) Rock Falls in Mountains
2.) Rocks Splitting
3.) Patterned Ground in Artic
4.) Cracked and Pothole Roads
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Salt Crystal Growth causes
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1.) Niches in Canyons
2.) Tafonis
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oxidation Causes
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1.) rust
2.) red soils
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Geog 203 Study Guide