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GENE 412: FINAL EXAM
If 4Nes>10 then: A) random genetic drift is predominant B) synonymous mutations are predominant C) selection is predominant D) all of the above are predominant E) none of the above are predominant. |
C - Selection is predominant
|
Given: Genotype AB Ab aB ab
Frequency .4 .1 .2 .3 Find D: A) .12 B) .1 C) .02 D) .05 E) .08 |
B - 0.1 |
What is the level of genetic organization that allows the prediction of the genetic response to selection? A) target of selection B) non-synonymous mutations C) inbreeding D) unit of selection E) genetic homology |
D - Unit of Selection
|
Transposons: A) are a repetitive mobile sequences that are dispersed throughout the genome B) are units of selection that can have multiple targets of selection C) often affect fitness at the individual level D) can "infect" an individual via horizontal transmission E) all of the above describe transposons. |
E - All of the above describe transposons
|
Pedigree inbreeding has the largest effect on the frequency of homozygotes for: A) rare recessive alleles B) dominant alleles C) co-dominant alleles D) partially dominant alleles E) alleles in small populations |
A - Rare recessive alleles |
Given: Pop AA Aa aa Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 0.2 0.4 0.4 _____ _____ _____ _____
2 0.3 0.5 0.2 _____ _____ _____ _____
3 0.4 0.3 0.3 _____ _____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
The value of FIS, FST, and FIT in the above is: A) FIS=1.0 FST=0.02 FIT=1 B) FIS=0.183673469 FST=0.02 FIT= 0.2 C) FIS=0.387755102 FST=0.02 FIT=0.4 D) FIS=0 FST=0.02 FIT=0.02 E) FIS=0.1 FST=0.02 FIT=0.118 |
A - Fis=1 FST=.02 FIT=1 |
What is hard selection? A) the number of offspring from a population depends upon the genetic composition of the population B) when two or more species mutually adapt to one another through interspecific interactions C) an individual remains in a single environment throughout its lifetime, but the environment varies between demes occupying different spatial locations or across generations D) when the individual experiences environmental heterogeneity within its own lifetime E) which some factor not related to the genotypes of interest is density limiting in the habitat |
A - The number of offspring from a population depends upon the genetic composition of the population |
Which characterizes a phenotypic cline? A) gradual shifts of phenotypic frequencies or mean phenotypes over geographical space B) gradual shifts of genotypic frequencies or mean phenotypes over geographical space C) an individual remains in a single environment throughout its lifetime, but the environment varies between demes occupying different spatial locations or across generations D) when the individual experiences environmental heterogeneity within its own lifetime E) which some factor not related to the genotypes of interest is density limiting in the habitat |
A - Gradual shifts of phenotypic frequencies or mean phenotypes over geographical space
|
Given Genotype AB Ab aB ab
Frequency .45 .25 .15 .15
Find Disequilibrium: A) 0.3, B) -0.05, C) 0.06, D) 0.03, E) 0.01 |
D - 0.03 |
The theory where an allele is more likely to act like a neutral allele in a population with small effective inbreeding size: A) component analysis theory B) Wahlund effect C) "near" neutral theory D) coalescence theory E) nature and nurture interaction theory |
C - "Near neutral theory |
Which of the following is sufficient to determine the course of adaptation: A) natural selection, B) polymorphic allele frequency, C) genome architecture, D) population structure, E) no one of the above is sufficient. |
E - No one of the above is sufficient |
Which of the following is necessary for adaptation: A) natural selection, B) allele frequency, C) genome architecture, D) population structure, E) none of the above. |
A - Natural Selection |
Natural selection interacts with migration to: A) selectively block or retard some alleles and enhance others, B) select for frequency dependence, C) diverge adaptive responses, D) reduce heterozygosity of subpopulations, E) increase rare alleles |
A - Selectively block or retard some alleles and enhance others
|
Find the inbreeding effective size for a herd with 1 male and 8 females: A) 4.5 B)3.3 C)2.6 D)3.6 E) 4.0 |
D - 3.6 |
In construction of gene trees synapamorphies are used to join taxa that: A) share derived characters, B) are separated by small genetic distances C) are most polymorphic D) have the lowest CpG to TpG ratio E) have the highest rates of molecular evolution |
A - Share derived characters |
In Templeton & Johnston's studies with Drosophila mercatorum in Hawaii, abnormal abdomen could be seen as a consequence of: A) a supergene made up of a number of closely linked variants on and y chromosomes B) transposon insertion in rDNA C) phenotype retention of juvenile abdomen D)behavior to wind response E) all of these |
E - All of these |
Selection alters the balance between: A) gene flow and population size B) mutations and drift C) neutral mutations and drift D) coalescence and system of mating E) gene frequency and allele frequency |
B - Mutations and drift |
Which of the following is a misconception about the Neutral Theory? A) Only genes that are unimportant can undergo neutral mutations B) Neutral mutations are neutral for all time C) Nucleotides at one site may be neutral while nucleotides at another site may be selected D) A and B E) None of the above |
D - A and B |
Which of the following relates to disassortative mating? A) Produces more than the expected Hardy-Weinberg proportion of heterozygotes B) May increase the expected proportion of rare homozygous diseases C) Creates and maintains linkage disequilibrium D) All of the above E) None of the above |
A - Produces more than expected Hardy-Weinber proportion of heterozygotes
|
What is the value of relatedness (r) for half-sibs? A) 1/2 B) 1/8 C) 1/16 D) 1/4 E) None of the above |
D - 1/4 |
Calculate the value for Fst when Hs=0.35 and Ht=0.5. A) 0.3 B) 0.25 C) 0.4 D) 0.12 E) None of the above |
A - 0.3 |
What evolutionary force both creates and maintains linkage disequilibrium? A) disassortative mating B) assortative mating C) inbreeding D) Migration E) System of mating |
Assortative mating |
Given F(A) = .2 in P1 , F(A) = .8 in P2 , and a migration rate of 0.1 between the two populations, find the frequency of the A allele in P2 for the next generation. A) 0.8 B) 0.2 C) 0.74 D) 0.26 E) None of the above |
C - 0.74 |
The increase in reproductive fitness cause by natural selection is called: A) adaptation B) Selection C) mating success D) Fecundity E) viability |
A - Adaptation |
Which of the following is NOT an implication of Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection? A) The only fitness effects that influence the response to natural selection are those transmissible through a gamete B) The adaptive outcome represents an interaction of fitness variation with population structure C) Natural selection acts to increase the average fitness of a population on a per-generational basis D) The course of adaptive evolution is strongly influenced by genetic architecture E) All of the above are implied by Fisher's Fundamental Theorum of Natural Selection, although we find they don't all hold when the target of selection is above that of the individual. |
E - All of the above are implied by Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, although we find they don't all hold when the target of selection is above that of the individual
|
D= g(AB)-p(A)Xp(B) suggests that: A) D is the deviation of the observed two locus gamete frequencies and the expected frequency based on the product of the individual locus allele frequencies. B) D = 0 shows that no evolution is occurring, C) D≠0, shows that no evolution is occurring D) D < 0 implies the frequency of AB gametes is greater than expected given independent allele frequencies, E) All of the above |
A - D is the deviation of the observed two locus gamete frequencies and the expected frequency based on the product of the individual locus allele frequencies |
Pop Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 0.55 ___ 0.3 ___
2 0.3 ___ 0.1 ___
3 0.75 ___ 0.4 ___
FIS is A) -0.2037 B) 0.2037 C) -0.845 D) 0.380 E) 0.136 |
D - 0.380
|
Pop Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 0.55 ___ 0.3 ___
2 0.3 ___ 0.1 ___
3 0.75 ___ 0.4 ___
FIT is A) -0.2037 B) 0.845 C) 0.317 D) 0.136 E) 0.464 |
E - 0.464 |
Pop Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 0.55 ___ 0.3 ___
2 0.3 ___ 0.1 ___
3 0.75 ___ 0.4 ___
FST is A) 0.136 B) 0.845 C) 0.2037 D) -0.45 E) 0.464 |
A - 0.136
|
What must we know to predict evolution through natural selection? A) reproductive fitness alone B) balanced polymorphism frequencies C) Average excess of fitness D) Transient polymorphism E) Neutral theory. |
C - Average excess of fitness |
What do we call a polymorphism at a single nucleotide site in the genome of an organisms? A) RAPD, B) SNP, C) Microsatellite locus or SSR, D) Restriction Enzyme cut sites, E) EST. |
B - SNP |
What is a quick way to score the presence or absence of a specific mtDNA nucleotide at a specific know locus? A) SNP's B) RAPDs C) AFLPs D) RFLPs, E) SSR's |
D - RFLPs
|
Two related genetic forces that can increase pedigree inbreeding in a finite population: A) Founder effect & bottleneck effect B) Natural selection & bottleneck effect C) Founder effect & natural selection D) Mutation & founder effect E) Gene flow & mutation |
A - Founder effect & bottleneck effect
|
. Given genotype B1/B1 B1/B2 B2/B2 B1/B3 B2/B3 B3/B3
At frequencies 35 35 7 13 2 8 Find the frequency of the B1 allele: A) 0.67 B) 0.41 C) 0.59 D) 0.72 E) none of these |
C - 0.59 |
Population structure is the mechanism of uniting gametes. Which of the following includes population structure? (a) System of mating of the population (b) size of the population (c) presence, amount, and pattern of genetic exchange with other populations (d) age structure of the individuals within the population (e) all of the above |
E - All of the above |
Given: Pop Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 .5 ___ .49 ___
2 .4 ___ .46 ___
3 .3 ___ .36 ___
Ave ___ ___ ___ Find Fis, Fst, Fit a) Fis=.024, Fst=.067,Fit=.090 (b) Fis=.024, Fst=.067,Fit=.87 (c) Fis=.84, Fst=.67,Fit=1.20 (d) Fis=.34, Fst=.67,Fit=.790 (e) none of the above |
E - none of the above |
Population structure in which species is subdivided into many local demes that are subject to local extinction and recolonization is called (a) dominance (b) codominance (c) metapopulation (d) local population (e) continuous population |
C - Metapopulation |
Why did Templeton score COII nucleotide change in N-terminal silent and N-terminal replacement and C-terminal silent and C-terminal replacement? A) to determine population structure, B) to determine gene flow, C) to determine effective populations size, D) to estimate the rate of molecular evolution, E) to test if selection changed the expected outcome of neutral evolution. |
E - To test if selection changed the expected outcome of neutral evolution
|
Given Genotype: AB Ab aB ab
Frequency: 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 Find the expected frequency of aB and Ab gametes
A) 0.36, 0.16 B) 0.24, 0.16 C) 0.16, 0.16 D) 0.24, 0.24 E) None of the above |
D - 0.24 |
FST can be used to A) Identify haplotypes. B) Estimate neutral mutation rates C) construct model based trees D) estimate death rate. E) Estimate fitness |
C - Construct model based trees
|
The extent to which an individual that is concerned with its own survival as much as the survival of relatives that share the same alleles is measured as: A) Inclusive Fitness B) Fitness C) Hardy-Weinberg D) Exclusive fitness E) Relatedness |
A - inclusive fitness |
Natural selection doesn't optimize any single trait except: Adaptation B) fitness C) antagonistic pleiotropy D) allele frequency E) All of the above |
B - Fitness |
Assortative mating: A) increases homozygosity, B) creates linkage disequilibrium,
C) at equilibrium when P(A) = P(B) produces either AAbb or aaBB D) maintains linkage disequilibrium, E) all of these. |
E - All of the above
|
Given: Pop Pi Qi Hi Hs Ht
1 .4 ___ .45 ___
2 .6 ___ .45 ___
3 .5 ___ .30 ___
Ave .5 ___ .4 ___ ___ Find Fst A) 0.027, B) 0.182, C) 0.251, D) 0.3056, E) 0.054 |
A - 0.027 |
Selection for Altruism would be positive if one sacrificed their life for: A) 2 brothers, B) 8 brothers, C) 2 cousins, D) 8 cousins, E) B or D. |
E - B or D |
Examples of frequency dependent selections are: A) Fertility, B) Competition, C) Kin Selection, D) sexual selection, E) All the Above |
E - All of the above |
Which of the following statements about inbreeding is False? A) Inbreeding changes allele frequency. B) Most real world populations have some level of inbreeding (FIS> 0.0). C) Inbreeding increases the incidence of a genetic disease, such as cystic fibrosis. D) Inbreeding depression leads to a loss of fertility and/or survival. E) Inbreeding changes genotype frequency. |
A - Inbreeding changes allele frequency |
The main idea of neutral theory is: A) If a new allele is equally fit compared to an existing allele then it is selectively neutral and may be fixed in the population because of genetic drift. B) Neutral alleles may arise by mutation, and can be acted on by selection in order to be driven to fixation. C) Most new alleles that arise in populations are driven to higher frequencies by selection because of heterozygote advantage. D) Neutral alleles no longer function. E) Selection never plays a role in altering gene frequency |
A - If a new allele is equally fit compared to an existing allele then it is selectively neutral and may be fixed in the population because of genetic drift
|
Inclusive fitness is best described as: A) A measurement of fitness that includes both genetics and the interaction of genetics with the environment. B) Fitness related to actions that help preserve all the genes within the individual and that help the individual reproduce. C) The fitness that came about from helping all the copies of your genes, including those within individuals related to you, not just from helping your own survival. D) A term that describes fitness arising from including many individuals in a social group. E) None of the above. |
C - The fitness that came about from helping all the copies of your genes, including those within individuals related to you, not just from your own survival
|
How many nieces and nephews would their uncle have to be able to help, given that his fitness would be reduced by half, in order for altruism to be favored? Assume that the nieces and nephews will have a fitness of 1 after receiving their uncles' help. A) 1, B) 2, C) 5, D) 10, E) None of the above, altruism is never favored. |
B - 2 |
Which of the following does the inbreeding coefficient (f) NOT measure: a. Loss of heterozygosity as a result of the system of mating b. Change in allele frequency c. The correlation of uniting gametes d. A change in homozygosity as a result of the system of mating e. None of the above |
B - Change in allele frequency |
What does neutral theory show? a. Drift is an important force in large and small populations b. New neutral mutations will be lost quickly regardless of population size c. New mutations are neutral if the chance it will replicate and be passed down to the next generation is equal to the chance for the ancestral allele type d. Predicts the highest rate of molecular mutation will be found for pseudogenes and in exons at the third position of the codon e. All of the above |
E - All of the above |
What is the average excess of the S allele given the following fitness values: AA-.89 AS-1 SS-.2 AC-.89 SC-.7 CC-1.31? a) .11 b. 1 c. 0 d. .5 e. .15 |
A - .11 |
What does natural selection do to gametes only found in genotypes with lower than average fitness (like the C allele)? A. It increases the allele frequency b. It decreases the allele frequency until it is eliminated from the population c. It has the same effect on them as "survival of the fittest" d. Natural selection has no effect on gametes with lower than average fitness e. None of the above |
B - It decreases the allele frequency until it is eliminated from the population
|
Assortitive mating creates and maintains a. Migration b. Linkage Disequilibrium c. Heterozygosity d. Hardy Weinberg e. fitness |
B - Linkage disequilibrium |
An isolated population with allele frequency of .3 migrates into a population with allele frequency of .7 and a migration frequency of .1. What is the change in allele frequency? A. .04 b. .06 c. .02 d. .1 e. .03 |
A - .04 |
A process of adaptation resulting in the evolution of seemingly maladaptive traits is called a. synapomorphy b. dominance c. antagonistic pleiotrophy d. drift e. equilibrium |
C - Antagonistic peiotrophy
|
Horizontal gene transmission is between all except a. Parent and offspring b. vertebrate species c. Individuals d. P elements e. bacterial species |
A - Parent and offspring
|
Vertical transmission is between a. Parent and offspring b. vertebrate species c. Individuals d. P elements e. bacterial species |
A - Parent and offspring
|
Assortative mating by itself causes evolutionary change by creating: A) decreasing the homozygotes B) influx of heterozygotes C) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium D) linkage disequilibrium E) both A and B |
D - Linkage Disequilibrium |
Calculate the Ne of the population of size 320 and a variance of 0.2. A) 710 B) 580 C) 639 D) 560 E) 320 |
D - 560 |
Biased Gene Conversion: A) only occurs in heterozygotes B) plays a large role in populations that actively avoid inbreeding C) plays a large role in self-populating populations D) A and B E) A and C |
A - Occurs only in heterozygotes
|
Alan Templeton's example of male butterflies producing two types of sperm, sperm capable of fertilization and sperm not capable of fertilization is an example of: A) intrasexual selection B) kin selection C) intersexual selection D) concerted evolution E) coalescence |
C - Intersexual selection |
Given 2 loci, A and B with F(A) = 0.7, F(B) = 0.8 and D = -0.06, find D' = D/Dmax. A) 0.02 B) 0.09 C) 0.2 D) -1.0 E) 0.8 |
D - -1.0 |
Variance in frequency of a haplotypes among populations separated by time or space can be used to estimate: A) neutral mutation rate B) time to coalescence C) the standardized Wahlund effect, Fst D) system of mating E) effective migration rates |
C - The standardized Wahlund Deffect, FST |
Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection states: A) fitness is a product of evolution and natural selection B) at the bare minimum, a fit population must survive C) a new mutation will be lost rather quickly, no matter the population size D) selection acts to increase fitness E) natural selection can be measured by the Wahlund effect |
D - Selection acts to increase fitness |
What is concerted evolution? A) evolution that traces the fitness of certain haplotypes B) the idea of meiotic drive occurring in only heterozygotes of one sex C) families of genes evolving together D) two populations that evolve at different rates E) two populations that have similar habitats and breeding patterns |
C - Families of genes evolving together
|
All of these factors attribute to linkage disequilibrium except: A) Mutation, B) Gene Flow, C) Random Mating, D) Finite Population size, E) Natural Selection |
C - Random Mating |
Given an average probability of identity by decent of .0714 in a population at t=1 , find the effective Inbreeding size of the population after 3 generations A) 7, B) 15, C) 6.8, D) 7.9, E) 8 |
A - 7 |
Interactions between two or more genes that may influencing the unit of selection A) Pleiotropy, B) Epistasis, C) Adaptation, D) Codominance, E) All of the Above |
B - Epistasis |
According to Dr Templeton Adaptation is: A) Alteration of the gene pool in a manner that increases the average reproductive fitness of the population B) Increase in reproductive fitness caused by natural selection, C) The increased chance of passing on DNA to the next generation, D) Attributes that aid organisms in living, mating, and reproduction in specific environments, E) All of the Above |
D - Attributes that aid in living, mating, and reproduction in specific environments |
When natural selection takes the population to a local adaptive peak and not to the global max, Wright's shifting balance theory predicts: A) genetic drift moves between peaks B) Selection moves up the next peak C) Population at highest peak grows and sends out migrants D) average fitness of that generation will increase E) All of the above are part of Wright's shifting balance theory. |
All of the above are part of Wright's shifting balance theory |
Natural selection interacts with migration as a selective filter that: A) blocks all alleles B) enhances all alleles C) Blocks some alleles and enhances others D) blocks only heterozygotic alleles E) none of the above |
C - Blocks some alleles and enhances others |
On a gene tree of all mammals, the ability for humans to communicate through language is generally viewed as a(n): A) Synapomorphic trait B) Homoplasy C) Autapomorphic trait D) Neutral trait E) none of the above |
C - Autapomorphic trait
|
Given the following chart: Find the probability of homozygosity by descent if neither A nor B are the product inbreeding: A) 1/8 B) 1/16 C) 1/32 D) 1/4 E) 5/16 |
D - 1/4 |
Which of the following changes allele frequency? A) Assortative mating, B) Dissassortative mating, C) Inbreeding, D) Random mating, E) Population subdivision. |
B - Dissassortative mating |
Which of the following is not true? A) Fst measures the Wahlund effect, B) Fis ranges from 0 to 1, C) Fis is a measure of the system the mating, D) Fst can range from 0 to 1, E) Fit is the combined effect of the Fis and Fst |
B - Fis ranges 0 to 1 |
Which of the following about natural selection is true? A) It is sufficient to determine the course of adaptation, B) It does not change allele frequency, C) It optimizes all possible traits, D) It increases the average fitness, E) It is not necessary for adaptation |
D - It increases the average fitness |
Given 2 loci, A and B with F(A) = 0.4, F(B) = 0.6, and D = 0.04, find D' = D/Dmax A) 0.11 B) 0.25 C) 0.17 D) -0.11 E) 4 |
B - 0.25 |
Genotype AA Aa aa
Frequency .72 .12 .16
Fitness .4 1.2 .5 A) 0.291, B) 0.566, C) 0.862, D) 0.347, E) 0.512. |
Ask Maggie |
Fst can be used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) to estimate the number of individuals exchanged between populations B) to construct model based trees C) to show isolation by distance D) to estimate gene flow in newly admixed populations, E) all of these are uses of Fst |
D - To estimate gene flow in newly admixed populations |
Which of the following is true regarding natural selection? A) natural selection pushes populations to a local, adaptive peak B) natural selection is sufficient to determine the course of adaptation C) natural selection is necessary for adaptation D) A and C E) all of these are true |
D - A&C |
The Unit of Selection: A) is not subject to natural selection B) can be "built-up" by recombination C) depends upon epistasis and the strength of selection D) does not depend on recombination rates E) all of the above |
C - Depends upon epistasis and strength of selection |
Fst is: A) a balance between drift and migration, B) is a genetic distance measure, C) can have both positive and negative values, D) the combined result of the Wahlund effect and system of mating, E) both A and B are correct. |
E - Both A&B are correct |
Antagonistic pleiotropy: A) is derived from no selection whatsoever, B) reflects both beneficial and maladaptive effects in an individual, C) interacts with gene flow as a selective filter, D) keeps natural selection from producing many nonoptimal individual traits, E) only increases fitness. |
B - Reflects both |
2. A haplotype tree or "gene" tree shows: A) where genetic variation arose: B) how variation is interrelated, C) all ancestors of a sampled genetic population, D) A&B are true. E) all of the above |
D - A&B are true
|
3. Mitochondrial Eve is a consequence of: A) synapomorphies, B) Coalescence, C) maximum parsimony, D) Halotypes, E) Any of these can find Mitochondrial Eve. |
B - Coalescence |
4. Which of these statements about natural selection is true? A) It tends to function on a per-generation basis, B) It optimizes local adaptive peaks C) It does not necessarily optimize any one trait, D) It cannot act unless genetically-based, phenotypic variation is present, E) All of the above. |
E - All of the above |
Genes are identical by descent if: a) the identical copies of a single gene are due to ancestry, b) the identical copies of a single gene are due to recurrent mutations from different ancestral genes, c) the alleles are identical are a result of asexual, rather than sexual reproduction, d) A and C are true, e) none are true. |
A - the identical copies of a single gene are due to ancestry |
6. Considering the effect of coalescence, if you are interested in recent events in a gene's history, then: a) small samples are sufficient, b) large sample sizes are critical, c) sample size doesn't matter, d) only one generation must be analyzed, e) C and D are true |
B - large sample sizes are critical
|
Coalescent event occurs when two lineages of DNA molecules merge back into a single DNA molecule at some time in the past, so it is...A) equal to disassortative mating, B) twice the time of DNA replication, C) equal to assortative mating in humans, D) the time inverse of a DNA replication event, E) equal to assortative mating in mice. |
D - The time inverse of a DNA replication event
|
A positive average excess results in: A. a decrease in allele frequency, B. the allele frequency is relatively constant, C. The allele is rare in the population, D. an increase in allele frequency, E. the allele doesn't make it into the population. |
D - An increase in allele frequency
|
9. For an autosomal locus, Fst=0.111 How many individuals are being exchanged per generation? A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5 |
B - 2 |
10. Natural Selection A) can retard gene flow, B) can accelerate gene flow, C) can not act without phenotypic variation, D) affects only alleles associated with phenotypic variation in fitness, E) All of these. |
E - All of these |
11. An exception to Mendel's Law of random segregation is: A) anticipation, B) genetic drift, C) codon bias, D) meiotic drive, E) none of the above. |
D - Meiotic drive |
Character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form is: A) Homoplaisy B) Synapomorphy C) Autapomorphy D) Coalescence Event E) Haplotype tree |
B - Synapomorphy |
13. Selective equilibrium occurs only when average excess is: A) A negative value, B) A positive value, C) Zero, D) Both A & B are correct, E) All of these are correct. |
C - Zero |
14. Natural Selection _______ average fitness on a per generation basis: A) exponentially increases, B) exponentially decreases, C) increases, D) decreases, E) has no effect |
C - Increases |
15. The course of adaptation is constrained by the available: A) food sources, B) niches, C) genetic variation, D) population, E) Loci |
C - Genetic Variation |
The Speke's gazelle example shows us that effective population size: A) is not a constant value, B) can be greater than the total number of animals, C) can be manipulated and changed, D) can be defined in terms of homozygosity by descent or variation in allele frequency, E) all of these. |
E - All of these |
17. According to Dr. Templeton, fitness components refer to: A) the phenotype of viability, B) the phenotype of mating success, C) the phenotype of fertility, D) the chances of an individual passing on its DNA in the contest of the environment, E) all of the above |
E - All of the above |
18. Adaptation: A) is an increase in reproductive fitness, B) is always relative to the environment, C) is independent of the environment, D) both A and B, C) both A and C |
D - Both A&B |
Why is UPGMA NOT an effective way to create a tree? A) It always makes the organism with the greatest rate of change the basal organism B) It does not go far enough back in time to find a basal species C) upGMA is a good way of making a tree, so the question is irrelevant D) It does not take into account synapomorphies or autaphomorphies E) A & B are both reasons why it isn't an effective method |
A - it always makes the organism with the greatest rate of change the basal organism
|
Micro evolutionary events accruing in a certain species are influenced by: A) The size of the population and any founder events. B) any existing linkage disequilibria. C) The environmental and genetic factors (including mutation and recombination) that influence DNA replication at the loci of interest. D) The proportion of heterozygosity. E) All of these, plus fitness effects. |
E - All of these, plus fitness effects |