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MGI 301: Test 2
(Relational Database)
Store data in the form of
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related tables
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Relational (data base) design is based
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on database normalization and can be accomplished with ERD’s
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Benefits of relational database
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1. Ensures data integrity and referential integrity
2.Add, delete, update
3. powerful to use
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Design Principle of relational Database
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o You must become a business expert
o Poor relational database design leads to system failure
o Proper design accurately reflects the organization’s business rules
o Relational database design is both an art and science (cost-benefit)
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Entity Relationship Diagrams
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diagramming tool used to design a relational database (blueprint)
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Entity relationship Diagrams if designed properly, an ERD will accurately reflect the business rules of the organization and
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It will become a visual illustration of the organization’s business rules
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In a Entity relationship diagram corrections are
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harder than adding on and
· Entities = rectangles
· Lines = relationships
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(relationship diagram)
Entity (tables)
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something about which data is kept
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(relationship diagram)
Attribute (fields)
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descriptive value associated with an entity
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(relationship diagram)
Key attribute (primary keys)
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attributes that uniquely identify an entity
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· Entities = tables
· Attributes -= fields
· Key attributes =primary key
Database Normalization
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the way database design is often taught in classrooms
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Data Hierarchy
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· Database
· Table (File, Relation)
· Records (Rows)
· Fields (Columns, Attributes)
· Bytes
· Bits
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Application/Data Dependence
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Programs written on top of data files were very finicky because they had to follow very specific organizational structures and modification would result in error
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Data definition language (DDL):
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specifies content and structure of database and defines each data element (creates structure)
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Data manipulation language (DML):
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manipulates data in a database
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Data dictionary
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-stores definitions of data elements and characteristics
o Keeps track of what the user has built
o Backing up a dictionary creates an empty skeleton
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Evolution of Databases
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· Hierarchal (1970’s)
· Object Oriented (new)
· Relational (what we use now)
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Hierarchal Database
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used to break one component into subgroups
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Network Database
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depicts data logically as many-to-many relationships (no flexibility)
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Conceptual/Logical design
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abstract model of database from a business perspective
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Physical design
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-shows how the database is arranged on storage devices
o Database administrator can modify how it is stored
o Example: C-drive, flash drive, etc…
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Database Administrator
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responsible for technical operations
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Data Administrator
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-responsible for making sure data is stored correctly and consistently
o Defining and tacking
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Online transaction processing (OLTP)
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· the gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed information
o Operational database for day-to-day operations
o Example: who is in a certain class?
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Online analytical processing (OLAP)
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-the manipulation of information to support decision making
o Takes data from OLTP, summarizes it, and stores it in a data warehouse
o Example: how many people in total are in the class?
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Data Warehouse
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a logical collection of information gathered from many differentoperational databases
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operational databases
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used to create business intelligence that supports business analysis and decision-making tasks
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Data Marts
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subset of data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept
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Data Mining
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finding hidden patterns and trends in data
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Data warehouse also
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Gets data from many places = summarizes it = uses it for decision making
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Data is represented by a large cube made of individual cubes
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o Each cube has a number
o Data is summarized into its smallest form
o “Slicing and dicing” the cube in order to find info
- Done with special tools (software)
o Usually more than 3-dimensional, but 3D is used for visualization purposes
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(Distributed Databases)
· Duplicate – make a copy for every location
-down and upside?
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o Downside: a centralized unit is needed to maintain a master file
Upside: multiple backup files are created
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(Distributed Databases)
Partitioned
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split up and distributed to relevant departments
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Static page
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server provides webpage from file
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(distributed Datebase)
Dynamic page:
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server connects to a database, queries data, and custom builds the web page on the fly
- Example: UBlearns = go to a template page, enter username, your record is found and the page is automatically updated
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· PHP
· ASP
· CFM
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· PHP – open source software
· ASP – active server page
· CFM – cold fusion
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Queries
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allow you to ask questions (queries) about data in a database in order to obtain valuable information
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SQL
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an advanced view that allows you to edit the SQL (structured query language) code for the query. As you make changes to the query in the Design View it will automatically update the SQL code in the SQL View and vice versa
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Total/group queries
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· summarizing data so it only shows you a count of data, click sigma in design view to get it, know it will be a group query because total row, use primary key as “count”
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Total/group quires points
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o 1 row of output (SR , 12)
o Leave out as many fields as possible so grouping can occur
§ To many fields limit uniqueness and creates more records
o Total row + group by = group query
** Count the number of groups, not the number of records
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Is statement (who doesn’t have data) (QUIRES TOPIC)
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o “Is null” = no data
o “Is not null” = data
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Unmatched queries
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identifies records in one table that do not exist in another
o Use query wizard!
o Example: what products haven’t been ordered?
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Parameterized Queries
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used to prompt users to enter the criteria value they want to use
o Dynamic
o Example: [enter a class] à “FR” à freshman will show
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The most common type of query is called a
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Select Query
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Which of the following criteria will return the record Anderson?
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Something like "ander" or whatever
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Which function can be used instead of using the OR criteria
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In
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All of the following are valid functions of queries except
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NPV
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True/False – you can modify the records in a query result, but the changes will not bereflected in the underlying table.
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FALSE
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Four phases of decision-making
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1. Intelligence phase
2. Design phase
3. Choice phase
4. Implementation phase
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(Types of Decisions)Structured
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either “right” or “wrong” answer
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(Types of Decisions)
· Semi-structured
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– some right answers, some wrong answers
o Retail example: the return policy of a store requires a receipt, but the customer does not have one = the employee talks to the manager àmanager decides to accept the return but only for store credit
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(Types of Decisions)
· Unstructured
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infinite answers with better answers available
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(Types of Decisions)
· Recurring
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-regular timed basis decisions
o Reports in advance are helpful
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(Types of Decisions)
· Ad-Hoc
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– random “out-of-the-blue” decisions
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Decision Support System (DSS)
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Highly flexible and interactive IT system that is designed to support unstructured and semi-structured decision-making
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Sensitivity Analysis
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the study of the effect that changes in one or more parts of a model have on other parts of the model (ripple affect)
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What-If analysis
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checks the impact of a change in the assumptions or other input data on the proposed solution
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Goal-seeking analysis
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find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output
§ Start with what you want to see – the ideal solutions
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Collaboration Systems
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Interactive computer-based system that facilitates the solution of semi-structured and unstructured problems by a group of decision makers
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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· Computer system with software that can analyze and display data using digitized maps. Enables display and analysis of spatial information
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Expert Systems People
o Domain expert –
o Knowledge engineer –
o Knowledge worker or user –
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· Expert Systems People
o Domain expert – provides the domain expertise in the form of problem-solving strategies
o Knowledge engineer – IT specialist who formulates the domain expertise into an expert system
o Knowledge worker or user – that’s you
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Genetic Algorithms
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AI based system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem
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(Genetic Algorithms) three key concepts
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o Selection – survival of the fittest
o Crossover – combining portions of good outcomes in the hope of creating an even better outcome
o Mutation – randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome
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Intelligent Agents (IA)
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-Software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer-related tasks
EX: Microsoft office paperclip guy
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E-Business
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a broader definition of e-commerce that also includes non-financial transactions
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E-Commerce
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commerce that is accelerated and enhanced by IT, in particular the internet
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· B2B = Business to Business
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where most of the money is (97%)
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B2C = Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce (B2C)
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– is what we engage in and is the most well known
o You must know your customers well, develop the right marketing mix, and move money easily
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(Business-to-Business E-Commerce (B2B))
Indirect materials (MRO)
1. demand aggregation and
2. maintenance/repair/operations
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- Maintenance, repair, and operations – materials necessary for running a company but do not relate to the company’s primary business activities (e.g. office supplies)
- Demand aggregation – combining purchase requests from multiple buyers which justifies to a larger discount
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(Business-to-Business E-Commerce (B2B))
o Direct materials
-reverse auctions
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- Materials used in production in a manufacturing company or are placed on the shelf for sale in retail environments
- Relate directly to a company’s primary business activities
- Reverse Auctions – process in which a buyer posts its interests in buying items and sellers compete by submitting successively lower bids
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Horizontal E-marketplace
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connects buyers and sellers across industries
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Vertical E-marketplace
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connects buyers and sellers within one industry
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Intermediaries
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specialist companies that provide services better than their client companies can themselves
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Disintermediation
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the removal of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a value chain
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If a 1:M relationship exists between physicians and patients. Which is true?
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Physician ID appears in the patient’s table
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Which of the following will delete the relationship between the tables?
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You have to click the line between the two tables and click the delete key
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Which of the following is true
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A main form may contain multiple subforms and subforms may contain even more subforms
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True/False: when creating relationships between tables in access, you must relate the tables on fields with the same type of data.
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FALSE
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True/False: a many-to-many relationship is implemented by a pair of one-to-manyrelationships.
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A. True
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Which website was demonstrated in class?
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D, A, B
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can data manipulation be used for storing data?
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no
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Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of a M:N relationship between Orders and Products?
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anything but many orders to many products
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Which quality of an intelligent agent means that they act without your telling them every step to take?
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Autonomy
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A knowledge engineer:
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develops sets of rules for expert systems based on what he/she is told about the domain
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When simplifying the relationships on an ERD, what rule should be applied for 1:1 relationships?
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Relationships should be merged into 1 table with one entity becoming an attribute of the other.
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Who is the person responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing the information contained in organizational databases?
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Database administrator
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he key used to encrypt data is called the
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public key
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Which term represents an Internet retailer that has no physical store?
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Pure play
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Which term describes a neural network that finds patterns and relationships in vast amounts of data by itself?
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Self-organizing neural network
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DSS assist management by combining ________ into a single powerful system to support unstructured decision making.
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data, analytical models and tools, and user-friendly software
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The development of artificial and computational neural networks is based on:
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simple biological models
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In a traditional file environment, any change in data requires:
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a change in all programs that access the data
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Which data mining tool uses slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from different perspectives?
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OLAP
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Datamining:
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finds hidden patterns and relationships in large pools of data.
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SQL is:
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DML
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Database designers document the conceptual data model with:
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an entity-relationship diagram.
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Which expert system component is considered the "brain"?
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inference engine
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The conceptual design of a database is
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an abstract model of the database from the business perspective
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