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GENE 301: FINAL EXAM
ligase |
enzyme responsible for connecting together the segments of replication in the lagging strand, used to form a phosphodiester bond without adding a nucleic acid base
|
heterozygous translocation |
chromosome aberration that causes loci on one homologous pair to segregate as if they were linked to loci on another homologous pair |
heterozygous pericentric (concentric) inversion |
chromosome aberration that causes a loss of crossover map distance, but during meiosis, chromosome bridges are not seen at anaphase I |
primase |
is an RNA polymerase, responsible for initiating each segment of replication in the lagging strand
|
helicase |
unwinds the un-replicated strands of the DNA helix at the replication fork
|
polymerase III |
enzyme that replicates the majority of DNA, can correct DNA it has replicated, replicates DNA at the fastest rate, is modified by reck so that it can function as a polymerase in SOS repair |
polymerase I |
can degrade RNA, removes it from Okazaki fragments |
SSB |
protein that keeps DNA single stranded from the time it is unwound to the time it is replicated |
topoisomerase |
allows DNA ahead of the replication fork to spin at up to 3000 rpm
|
recombinant DNA |
resulting DNA of bacterial plasmid DNA joined to human DNA |
Taq |
enzyme similar to E.coli DNA polymerase I but capable of withstanding boiling temperatures |
photolyase |
used to repair thymine dimers without DNA synthesis |
FISH |
method used to determine the location of a DNA segment on chromosomes, |
dideoxythymidine |
used in preparing a sequencing gel only for the DNA run in the "T" lane
|
Southern blot |
technique used to transfer the DNA from an electrophoretic gel to a nitrocellulose membrane |
walking DNA |
process that uses segments of one DNA library to identify adjacent segments in another DNA library |
RNA polymerase |
enzyme that binds to the promoter site
|
2,3-dideoxyadenosine |
used to terminate synthesis in one column of a DNA sequencing gel |
RAPD |
PCR run on whole human DNA using sixteen different 8-bp, random sequence primers. The resulting DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis on a gel. 60 bands on resulting gel |
transformation |
method of crossing bacteria involving the uptake of DNA into a cell, direct transfer of DNA into a recipient bacterium
|
thymine dimer |
most common mutation caused by UV light |
sexduction |
a method of producing merodiploids (partial diploids) in E.coli |
RNA polymerase II |
makes the poly-A tail that is added onto the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA |
conjugation |
DNA transfer from Hfr bacterium into recipient F-bacterium |
generalized transduction |
DNA transfer by being included in a viral coat
|
autonomous |
transposes independently, trans-activation, has enzyme
|
nonautonomous |
requires activation for transposition, borrows enzyme from another jumping gene |
hybrid dysgenesis |
occurs when a P (wild) male Drosophila is crossed with an M (lab) female Drosophila, causes mutation rate to raise 1000x, fertility to drop by 10%, and offspring viability to fall |
transitions |
pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine, or purine replaces a purine
(A<->G or C<->T)
come in pairs
|
transversions |
a purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged
(A<->T, C<->G, A<->C, or G<->T)
rare, occur spontaneously
|
hydroxylamine |
reacts specifically with cytosine to form N-4-hydroxycytosine which then pairs with adenine.
causes CG base pairs to become AT base pairs
(C ->T, G ->A) |
5'-Bromouricil deoxyribose (5BU) |
A ->G
T ->C |
Nitrous Acid (NO2) |
deaminates cytosine to form uracil
deaminates adenine to form hypoxanthine
(all possible transitions) |
lac operon |
p: binds RNA polymerase
o: binds repressor
i: produces protein that binds to o, repressing it
z: Beta-galactosidase
y: lactose permease (pumps lactose into cell)
a: transacetylase (makes galactose into glucose so cell can use it)
|
allosteric proteins
|
proteins that change shape and binding affinities according to their environment (control proteins) |
iS, i-, i+ |
iS: causes operon to remain off under any conditions (U)
i-: causes operon to remain on, or constitutive (C)
i+: turns operon on in the presence of allocates and off in its absence (I), can bind to DNA of the operator or to allolactose (prefers to bind to allolactose)
iS>i+>i-
|
dicer |
takes any type of double-stranded RNA's and splits it into 22 bp strands called siRNA |
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) |
"genome" of DNA that contains a certain number of sequences that a given restriction enzyme will "cut" |
binomial probability |
N!
C=------------
X!(N-X)! |
Monohybrid cross |
(AaxAa) 3:1
|
monohybrid test cross |
(Aaxaa) 1:1
|
dihybrid cross |
(AaBaxAaBb) 9:3:3:1 |
dihybrid test cross |
(AaBbxaabb) 1:1:1:1 |
Mendel's first law |
Law of segregation: during gamete formation each member of the allelic pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete |
Mendel's second law |
Law of independent assortment: alleles of different (unlinked genes) assort independently of each other, evident during meiotic segregation of homologous chromosomes |
autopolyploidy |
duplication of chromosome sets within a species |
allopolyploidy |
combining chromosome sets of different species |
aneuploid |
don't contain a euploid number of chromosomes (2n+1, 2n-1) |
ABO blood group |
Type A: IA/IA or IA/IO
Type B: IB/IB or IB/IO
Type AB: IA/IB
Type O: IO/IO
IA=IB>IO |
finding number of phenotypes of a quantitative trait
|
2N+1
where N is number of loci |
finding the frequency of extreme types |
(1/4)^N
where N is number of loci |
mapping the centromere |
loci segregate at the first division of meiosis if they do not cross over
loci segregate at the second division of meiosis if the cross over between the locus and the centromere
|
linkage between loci |
linked:
parental ditypes will be much more common than non-parental ditties
PD>>>>NPD implies linkage
unlinked:
PD=NPD |
mitotic crossing over |
can make a gene homozygous that was originally heterozygous
|
coupled recessives |
results in a double mutant spot
|
if the crossover is between.... |
two alleles and a centromere -> twin stop
between two alleles -> both heterozygotes |
Watson |
Template strand
strand that's found to contain the promoter sequence is the one that serves as a template strand
mRNA is read on the template strand
|
Crick |
Coding strand |
direction of transcription |
RNA polymerase reads template strand of DNA from 3' to 5', making mRNA from 5' to 3' |
4^N |
N is number of bases that specifies an amino acid
if one base specifies an amino acid, then only 4 amino acids are encoded
if two bases specify an amino acid, then 16 different amino acids can be encoded
if three bases specify an amino acid, then 64 different codes are generated |