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ENTO 210: EXAM 2
Yellow Fever vector |
Aedes aegypti |
Yellow Fever symptoms |
seizures
black vomiting
internal bleeding
high fever
liver damage |
difference between African YF and South American YF |
monkeys can survive African strain, they dies from the South American strain
|
is there a vaccine available for Yellow Fever |
yes |
Who vectors West Nile |
Culex pipens
Culex quinuefasciatus |
West Nile symptoms |
Headaches
tiredness
coma
paralysis
neurological issues
death |
Eastern Equine Encephalitic Virus kills ___ and is maintained in ____ |
horses
birds |
How severe is EEEV |
rare but deadly |
EEEV symptoms |
most are asymptomatic 4-5% get it
stupor
coma
paralysis
33% death if symptomatic |
How do you treat EEEV |
Supportive treatment
IV fluids
Vaccination for horses
|
WEEV is found in |
California |
St. Louis Encephalitic virus is vectored by |
Culex sp. |
St. Louis EV symptoms |
most asymptomatic
5-30% mortality is symptoms appear |
St. Louis EV is maintained in |
birds |
LaCrosse Encephalitis Virus is vectored by |
Ades triseriatus |
LaCrosse EV effects mostly |
children |
LaCrosse EV is maintained in |
rodents and squirrels |
Filariasis is caused by |
Wuchereria bancrofti cause 91% of cases in humans
|
Filariasis in animals is mainly caused by |
Brugia malayi and timori |
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti |
Adults live in lymphatics, microfilariae in blood,
L3 larvae enters skin from mosquito |
Phase 1-3 of Filariasis |
1) individuals have microflaria
2) pain, tenderness of lymph nodes, inflammation caused by dead adult worms
3) blockage of lymph channel which causes swelling of extremities |
Filariasis treatment and prevention |
Ivermectin is very cheap and effective and is taken once a year |
River Blindness
(Onchoceriasis) is caused by |
Onchocerca volvulus |
Onchoceriasis is vectored by |
blackflies
mostly by Simulim damnosum |
which stage of larvae enter the skin? |
L3 |
Symptoms of Onchoceriasis |
skin is unbearably itchy
not lethal
skin is hanging and filled with worms
microfilariae damage the eyes |
Difference between West and East African River Blindness |
People in the west go blind more frequently than the people in the east |
Sleeping Sickness's scientific name |
Human African Trypanosmiasis
(HAT) |
HAT is considered a ___ disease |
neglected |
Vector of HAT |
Tsetse fly
Glossina morsitans
(East)
Glossina palpalis
(West) |
HAT is caused by |
Trypanosoma brucei (brucei, gambiense, rhodesiense) |
Trypomastigotes are found in the ___ while epimastigotes are found in the ___
|
human
flies |
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense |
West Africa
chronic
100% fatality
humans are mainly effected
takes longer to die
chronic |
Trypanosoma brucei brucei |
animals only |
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense |
East Africa
cattle are effected and humans are accidental hosts so they die faster
acute |
HAT in the East symptoms |
1) lesion at bite site.
2) Winterbottom's sign (swelling of lymph nodes)
3) invasion of nervous system in less than a year |
HAT in the West symptoms |
1) lesion at bite site.
2) Winterbottom's sign (swelling of lymph nodes)
3) invasion of nervous system years later |
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosmiasis) is caused by |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
Chagas disease is vectored by |
Kissing bugs
two highly domesticated species
1) Triatoma infestans
2) Rhodnius prolixus |
Kissing bugs are found where |
humans are found |
Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi
|
Epimastigote in vector, trypomastgote get into human, amastigote in humans(duplicate in muscle and neuron cells) |
American Trypanosmiasis symptoms |
acute sign of Romana (swelling around the eye)
vomiting
swollen lymph nodes
anemia |
Chronic AT can cause |
Heart failure
Megacolon
megaesophagus
|
Chronic AT treatment |
There are some medications available but they are toxic
pacemaker or heart transplant |
Leishmaniasis is a __ |
protozoan |
Vector for Leishmaniasis is |
Sandflies
Phelbotomus (old world)
Lutzomyia (new world) |
Life cycle of Leishmaniasis |
Injects promastigotes transform into amastigotes in macrophages and multiply
|
Treatment for Leishmaniasis |
expensive and toxic |
Symptoms for Leishmaniasis Cutaneous |
lesions that leave scars |
Symptoms for Leishmaniasis Muco-Cutaneous |
severe disfiguration
rare in the old world
disintegrates mucous tissue |
Symptoms for Leishmaniasis Visceral |
lethal
found in India, Sudan, and Brazil |
Leishmaniasis main resevoir are |
dogs |
What increases infections for Leishmania? |
Sand fly saliva |
True or false:
prior exposure to sand fly bites partially immunizes infection against Leismaniasis |
true
|
Chagas disease infects ___ people and ___ people are killed per year |
10-13 million
50,ooo |
What is the oldest record of Chagas disease? |
9,000 years ago |
17% of transmission of Chagas disease is from |
blood transfusion |
Kissing bugs feed at what time of the day? |
night |
Where do the trypanosomes come out of what part of the Triatominae (kissing bug) |
when it defecates while feeding and it is rubbed into the bite sites or other wounds |
Triatoma infestans |
most important vector of Chagas
found in South America
|
Rhodnius prolixus |
exclusively domestic in Central America
2nd most important vector of Chagas
1.3 inches long |
Are Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus found in the US? |
no |
How many Triatominae species are found in Texas? |
8
found in chicken coops and dog houses |
8
found in chicken coops and dog houses |
6 |
Are the cases of Chagas disease in Europe transmitted by bugs? |
No, all through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and congenial. |
Vector control for HAT |
blue traps
insecticides
cattle spraying
sterile insect technique |
Which is NOT a characteristic of a neglected tropical disease?
a) they tend to be urban diseases
b) non-emerging/ancient
c) low mortality
d) high prevalence |
a) they tend to be urban diseases
|
How many offspring does a Tsetse fly produce in her lifetime?
a) 70-80
b) >100
c) 1
d) 3-4 |
d) 3-4 |
Which is NOT a symptom of Chagas disease?
a) Winterbottom's sign
b) Romana's sign
c) Megacolon
d) Chronic heat failure |
a) Winterbottom's disease |
Which of the following only causes disease in animals?
a) Trypanosoma gambiense brucei
b) Trypanosoma rhodesiense brucei
c) Glossina morsitans
d) Trypanosoma brucei brucei
|
d) Trypanosoma brucei brucei |
In what geographic area is Chagas disease found?
a) South America
b) Europe
c) Africa
d) Asia |
a) South America
|
What is the difference between Yellow Fever transmission in Africa and South America?
a) Monkeys do not carry YF in SA
b) Monkeys typically die from YF in Africa but not SA
c) SA does not have a rural transmission cycle
d) Urban YF transmission only takes place in SA
|
c) South America does not have a rural transmission cycle |
Which causes the largest number of encephalitic cases in the US?
a) Eastern Equine Encephalitis
b) Western Equine Encephalitis
c) St. Louis Encephalitis
d) West Nile Virus |
d) WNV |
Stomach bleeding is a symptom of?
a) WNV
b) Japanese Encephalitis
c) YF
d) St. Louis Encephalitis |
c) YF |
Which virus is mostly found in swampy areas?
a) St. Louis EV
b) LaCrosse EV
c) WNV
d) Eastern Equine EV |
d) Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
|
The reservoir host for most of the major encephalitic arboviruses in the US are
a) humans
b) horses
c) mosquitoes
d) birds |
d) birds |
Which of the following is not a conclusion of the Walter Reed Commission?
a) YF is caused by aedes aegypti
b) it takes 12 days for a mosquito to be able to transmit YF
c) YF is caused by a bactera
d) Successful vector control should reduce YF transmission
e) YF is not transmitted directly through humans via small particles (fomites)
|
c) YF is caused by a bacteria |
Infection with Dengue 1 serotype will
a) provide life long immunity to all serotypes
b) will provide short term immunity to serotypes 2, 3, and 4
c) will provide short term immunity to serotype 1
d) will provide no immunity |
b) will provide partial immunity to serotypes 2, 3, and 4 |
The Dengue transmission cycle takes place primarily
a) sylvatic cycles where it circulates amongst primates
b) Large human populations
c) in transition zones between sylvatic cycles and rural human populations
d) In transition zones between the rural and urban human populations |
b) Large human populations |
What is the most widely accepted explanation for DHF?
a) infection with multiple serotypes increases chance of developing DHF
b) some people are more susceptible than others
c) some serotypes are more likely to cause DHF
d) human populations have increase |
a) infection with multiple serotypes increases chance of developing DHF
|
Hyperendemic Dengue means
a) multiple dengue serotypes are present in the population
b) only a single dengue serotype is present in the populations
c) Dengue virus is transmitted at a very high level
d) Dengue virus is transmitted at a low level |
a) multiple dengue serotypes are present in the population
|
Treatment for Dengue virus infections primarily consist of
a) vaccinations
b) antibiotics
c) IV fluids
d) anti-viral drugs |
c) IV fluids |
Which of the following can be present in Dengue Hemorraghic fever patients, but not in Classic Dengue Fever patients?
a) Fever
b) Muscle pain
c) Internal bleeding
d) Nausea/vomiting |
c) internal bleeding |