Exam 3 - Flashcards
119 Cards in this Set
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Chemistry
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science that describes matter's properties, composition, and/or structure
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Extensive Properties
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properties dependent on quantity
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Scientific (natural) Laws
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laws derived from nature ex. logic
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Molecular Geometry
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shape of a molecule that determines its function; molecule's arrangement around a central atom
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Accuracy
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how close measured values and exact values are
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Precision
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how closely related measurements are
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Stoichiometry
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quantitative relationship between masses, number of moles, and number of particles in a balanced equation
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Ionic Compound
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compound of cations and anions with no net electrical charge
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Covalent Compound
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shared electrons
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Organic Compound
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a compound of molecules primarily hydrogen and carbon
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Law of Definite Proportions
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a chemical compound will always contain the same proportion of an element by mass
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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two elements will always react together in the same ratio
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Electronic Geometry
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determined by locations of regions of high electron density
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Percent Weight
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how much weight an element has in a compound
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Percent Error
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measure of accuracy
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Percent Composition
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percent of an element in a pure compound
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Percent Yield
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ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage
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RSD%
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relative standard deviation; measures relative precision
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Valence Bond Theory
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hybridization
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Electron Affinity
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energy created when added to a gaseous atom
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Electronegativity
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how much an ion attracts itself to another atom
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Aufbau Principle
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electrons are added to the lowest orbitals available
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Hund's Rule
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each orbital will be filled singly with parallel spin before pairing
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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paired electrons will have opposite spins
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Ionization Energy
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amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely charged atom
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VESPR
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lp/lp > lp/bp > bp/bp
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Isomer
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identical composition of compounds with differing structures
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Structural Isomer
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"constitutional"; same empirical formula with different atom connections; a bond must be broken and remade
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Conformational Isomer
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rotation around a SINGLE bond
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Stereoisomer
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same atom-to-atom connections with different arrangements in space
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Racemic Mixture
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equal enantiomer concentration in a mixture
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Enantiomers
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pairs of chiral molecules
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Geometric Isomer
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cis-trans bonds on either side of a double bond in a compound
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Positional Isomer
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differing positions of a functional group on a chain
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Chiral Molecules
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one carbon attached to 4 different things
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Chiral Center
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carbon in the center of a chiral molecule
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Optical Isomer
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chiral molecules; non-superimposable
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Cis
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pairs on the same side of a double bond
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Trans
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pairs across from each other
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Mer
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meridianl, similar to trans; form triangle that cuts through center molecule
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Fac
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facial, like cis; forms a triangle that goes around the center molecule
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Hydration Isomers
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water moves in or out of the coordination sphere; structural isomer
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Ionization Isomer
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ions swap positions in/out of coordination sphere; structural isomer
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Coordination Isomer
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exchange of ligands between two different coordination spheres; structural isomer
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Linkage Isomer
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linkage to the central atom via different atoms; structural isomer ex. CN connecting with the central atom via the N vs the C
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Titration
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measured volume of a solution with a known concentration is added to a measured colume of unknown concentration to determine the unknown concentration
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Titrant
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solution with known concentration
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Primary Standard
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non-hygroscopic, high mass, inexpensive; compound with known concentration
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Endpoint
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when a color change is observed in an experiment, the titration is close to equivalence point
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Equivalence Point
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point where exactly enough reactant has been added for the reaction to go to completion
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pH
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concentration of H+ atoms; measures acids and bases
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Oxidation Numbers
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charge of an atom in a compound
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Hydrocarbons
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simplest organic molecules composed of only H and C
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
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alkanes
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
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alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics
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Alkanes
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single bond between carbons
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Alkenes
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double bond between at least two carbons
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Alkynes
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triple bond between at least two of the carbons
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Aromatics
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carbon rings with alternating single and double bonds ex. benzene
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Alkyls
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hydrocarbon side chain; R
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Phenyls
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C6H5
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Phenols
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derivatives of benzne, one hydrogen has been replaced by an "OH"
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Alcohol
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hydrocarbon with at least one hydrogen replaced by an OH
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Esters
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derivative of carboxylic acids with an R2 group attached to an oxygen that replaced an OH R1-C=O | O-R2
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Ethers
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like water with both hydrogens replaced by Rs
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Carbonyl Groups
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a carbon linked to two R groups and double bonded to an oxygen
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Aldehydes
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a carbonyl group with an H replacing one of the Rs
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Ketone
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carbonyl group with two Rs
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Carboxylic Acid
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carbon bonded with an R, an OH, and double bonded to an O
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Acyl Chlorides
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carboxylic acids with F, Cl, Br, or I replacing the OH group
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Organic Halides
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a halogen replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon
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Amines
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derivatives of ammonia where one or more H is replaced by hydrocarbons or another organic compound
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Amides
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carboxylic acid derivative where the OH group is replaced by a N which has two R groups attached to it
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Resonance
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a compound may have multiple stable states
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Arrhenius Acids
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H+ donors
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Arrhenius Bases
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OH- donors
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Bronsted/Lowry Acids
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H+ donors
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Bronsted/Lowry Bases
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H+ acceptors
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Lewis Acids
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electron pair acceptors
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Lewis Bases
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electron pair donors
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Electrolytes
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a compound that forms ions when it dissolves
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Non-electrolytes
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a compound that dissolves but does not form ions
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Sugars
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carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y
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Polymers
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giant molecules made up of monomers
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Solvent
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liquid in a solution that solvent is dissolved in
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Concentration
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molarity, quantity of solute that is dissolved in a solution
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ppm
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parts per million
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Molecular Equations
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reactants -> products
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Ionic Equation
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shows ionization of an element as it exists in a solution
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Net Ionic Equation
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ionic equation without spectator ions
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Spectator Ions
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ions that don't participate in a reaction
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Metathesis Reaction
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exchange reactions; AB+CD->AC+BD
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Combination Reaction
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composition; A+B->AB
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Decomposition Reaction
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cleavage; AB->A+B
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Displacement Reaction
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one element displaces another element; AB+C->AC+B
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Redox Reactions
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exchange of electrons
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Addition Polymerization
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components of species AB are added to a polymer
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Condensation Polymerization
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water is removed
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Ligand
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Lewis base that coordinates to the central atom in a coordination sphere
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Donor Atom
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atom in a ligand that donates a lone pair of electrons and forms a coordinate covalent bond
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Unidentate
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ligand that only bond through one atom
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Polydentate
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ligand that can bond through multiple atoms
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Chelate
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complexes that have a metal atom or ion and polydentate ligands
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Coordination Number
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number of donor atoms that can be determined by counting the number of coordinate covalent bonds
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Coordination Sphere
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metal atoms with ligands
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Fats
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long hydrocarbon chains with carboxylic acids on the end
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Solution
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solvent mixed with a solute
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Solute
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substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
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Molarity
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number of moles per one L of solution
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ppb
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parts per billion
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Ammine
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ligand of ammonia, NH3
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Carbonyl
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carbon monoxide as a ligand, CO
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Chloro
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chlorine as a ligand, Cl-
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Cyano
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cyanide as a ligand, CN-
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Fluoro
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fluoride as a ligand, F-
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Hydroxo
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hydroxide as a ligand, OH-
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Nitrosyl
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nitrogen monoxide as a ligand, NO
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Nitro
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nitrite as a ligand, NO2-
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Phosphine
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phosphine as a ligand, PH3
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Exam 3 - Flashcards