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CHEM 102: EXAM 1
Alkali
|
ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element
a base that dissolves in water
|
Alkaline |
having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali;
having a pH greater than 7.
Capable of neutralizing an acid
|
Anion |
Negatively charged ion
|
Atom
|
The smallest object that retains properties of an element.
Composed of electrons and a nucleus
|
Atomic mass |
approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom |
Atomic number |
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. |
Atomic radii |
measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons. |
Binary Compund |
binary compound is a chemical compound that contains exactly two different elements. |
Cation |
Positively charged ion |
Chemical formula |
An expression which states the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance. |
Chemical property |
heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH, and electromotive force |
Compound |
A type of homogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles do not settle out. |
Covalent bonds |
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms |
Density |
ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit volume |
Electron |
Electrons are the smallest of the particles that make up an atom, and they carry a negative charge. |
Electron affinity |
change in energy of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion |
e- configuration |
distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. |
Electron dot |
diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. |
Electronegativity |
measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. |
Element |
substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons
Can't be broken down
|
Energy level |
one of the stable states of constant energy that may be assumed by a physical system |
Excited state |
A state of a physical system in which the system has more than the minimum possible potential energy |
Family |
group of elements with similar chemical properties |
Gas |
Indefinite shape and volume |
Ground state |
lowest energy state of an atom or other particle |
Group |
column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. |
Halogen |
Any of a group of five nonmetallic elements with similar properties. The halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. |
Heterogeneous |
mixture that composes of components that aren't uniform or they have localized regions that all have different properties. |
Homogeneous |
the same uniform appearance and composition throughout |
Hypothesis |
supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
Inert |
describe a substance that is not chemically reactive |
Ion |
An atom or a group of atoms that has an electric charge
|
Ionic bond |
complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
Bonds 2 oppositely charged ions
|
Ionization energy
|
energy needed to remove the outermost, or highest energy, electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase |
Joule
|
unit of energy in the SI system. One joule is 1 kg. m2/s2 which is also 0.2390 calorie. |
Kinetic energy |
energy that it possesses due to its motion |
Law |
statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe. |
Liquid
|
Indefinite shape
Takes volume of container
|
Mass |
Amount of atoms in a structure |
Mass number |
the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. |
Matter |
anything that has mass and takes up space |
Metallic bond |
attraction between mobile electrons and fixed, positively charged metallic atoms. |
Metalloid |
chemical element with properties intermediate between those of typical metals and nonmetals. |
Mixture |
Any substance that has a uniform and unchanging composition is considered to be pure |
Molecule |
smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound. |
Noble Gas |
Elements in the noble gas family have atoms with a full outer shell of electrons. They are also called the inert gases. |
Non metal |
Usually have 4-8 electrons in their outer shell.Gain or share valence electrons easily.Form oxides that are acidic.Are good oxidizing agents.Have higher electronegativities. |
Non polar covalent |
chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each othe |
Octet rule
|
each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas |
Period |
A period is the name given to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has seven periods. |
Physical properties |
color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum, attraction |
Polar bond |
two atoms in which electrons are shared unequall |
Polyatomic ion
|
Polyatomic ions are ions which consist of more than one atom.
|
Potential energy |
energy that an object has due to its position in a force field or that a system has due to the configuration of its parts. |
Product |
The compounds that are formed when a reaction goes to completion |
Rare earth elements |
any of a group of chemically similar metallic elements comprising the lanthanide series and (usually) scandium and yttrium. They are not especially rare, but they tend to occur together in nature and are difficult to separate from one another. |
Reactant |
substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. |
Representative element |
representative elements are those found in the first two groups of the periodic table and in groups 13 through 18. They are also referred to as the main-group elements and comprise all known elements, except the transition metals located in the center of the periodic table. |
Solid |
Definite shape and volume |
Solutions |
homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances |
Sublevel |
A sublevel is an electron orbital. Sublevels are designated s, p, d or f. |
Suspension |
heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. |
Transition metal |
an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell |
Valence electron |
electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond |
Volume |
Measures the size of an object using length measurements in three dimensions. |
Weight |
Weight is the name of the force exerted on an object due to the acceleration of gravity. |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev
|
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity
|
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity |
Lavoisier |
Law of conservation of matter |
Bohr
|
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity |
Lavoisier |
Law of conservation of matter |
Schrodinger |
Quantum theory, cat |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Mendeleev |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity |
Lavoisier |
Law of conservation of matter
|
Schrodinger |
Quantum theory, cat |
Heisenberg |
Uncertainty principle |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity |
Lavoisier |
Law of conservation of matter
|
Schrodinger |
Quantum theory, cat |
Heisenberg |
Uncertainty principle |
Dalton
|
Idea of atom, combine to make compound |
Bohr |
Created energy levels for electrons |
Mendeleev |
Arranged elements in order in periodic table by increasing atomic mass |
Thompson |
Plum pudding model based on electron discovery |
Becquerel |
Discovered radioactivity |
Lavoisier
|
Law of conservation of matter |
Schrodinger
|
Quantum theory, cat |
Heisenberg |
Uncertainty principle |
Dalton |
Idea of atom, combine to make compound |
Democritus |
First atom theory |