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ANTH 1102: Final Exam
Anthropology
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study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
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Culture
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shared human behavior
societies socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions
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Evolution
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Human biological change
scientific theory stating that species arise from others through a long process of genetic transformation
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Biological Anthropology
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theory of evolution
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Archaeology
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past behavior (question historical change)
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Linguistic
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language and biology (how people learn new culture)
study of language
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Fieldwork
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Get own data
live in different cultures
defines anthropologist
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Academic Anthropology
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grant and university research(can effect process/questions)
scholars producing knowledge
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Applied Anthropology
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Practical application of Anthropological research (practicing anthropologists practice their profession outside of academia)
aimed at influencing human behavior and social conditions
related to issues(finding solution)
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Participant observation
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learning a culture through social participation and personal observation over a long period of time
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Interviews
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conversation that maintain rapport and provide knowledge(formal vs. informal)
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genealogical methods
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procedures to understand kinship, descent, and marriage
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key consultants
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experts on particular aspects of local life (individuals who obtain more knowledge about a subject of study)
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life histories
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person cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture
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emic vs etic
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comparison of local beliefs and perceptions to the ethnographers (looking for insight of culture)
emic: inside
etic: outside
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Survey research design
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sampling, impersonal data collection and statistical analysis
sample
random selection
variable
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Relevance and importance
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gaining knowledge; impact understanding.
dealing with people
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Anthropology, ethics, and responsibilities
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treating people right; what is right and what is wrong
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Culture
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set of learned behavior or ideas that humans acquire as members of society
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cultures
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different sets of learned behavior b/w societies
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enculturation
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process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
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Ethnocentrism
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opinion that ones own way of life is natural or correct
only true way of being fully human
using own cultural values to judge another
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cultural relativism
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world around us means different things to different cultures
different perception of reality
cultures should be understood independently
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Human rights
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inalienable individual rights to speak and believe free from persecution, murder, torture
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cultural rights
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rights for groups to believe and act according to their customs free from persecution, restrictions, torture
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diffusion
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the spread of culture traits from one culture to another
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acculturation
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exchange of features when groups come into continuous contact (interact over long period of time)
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globalization
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series of processes working to promote change across the world
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productivity
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ability to use language tools to create new expression
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culturally transmitted
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its learned, shared, taught to new generations
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displacement
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ability to speak of things and events that are not present
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phonology
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study of language sounds(phonemes)
not every society/culture uses every sound
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morphology
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study of how sounds are combined to form words (morphemes)
sounds combine to create words
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lexicon
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all morphemes and their meaning
dictionary/sometimes never written down
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syntax
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rules for the formation of phrases and sentences
true in any language
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biological evolution
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asserts that species change and give ride to new species
evidence for fossil record and living species
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catastrophism
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divine natural disasters
divinely wiped out
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transforminism
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descent with modification
ancestors with different traits
species develop/ change overtime
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uniformitarianism
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current earth processes are same as past
how environments change overtime
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natural selection
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those forms most successful at reproducing in specific environments are selected
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variation principle
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no two individuals in a species are identical in all respects
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heredity principle
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offspring tend to resemble their parents; variation among generations
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phyletic gradualism
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species gradually transforms into a species
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punctuated equilibrium
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occasional punctuations of speciation bursts
mass extinctions
enviornment and species change slowly
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microevolution
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genetic changes without speciation
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macroevolution
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larger genetic changes with reproduction isolation leading to new species
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assimilation
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minority adopts a dominate culture
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plural societies
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interdependence of ethnic groups
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multiculturalism
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assumes ethnic siversity
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Homologies
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shared adaptations; primitive traits shared because of common ancestors
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Analogies
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convergent evolution; traits converge because of shared enviornment
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Ardipithecus
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earliest hominins
two ardipithecus species
earliest bipedalism (transitional)
woodland enviornment
small cranial capacity
no artifacts-no culture
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Homo Habilis
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in east africa
larder cranial capacity
changing teeth
associated with tools
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Homo Sapiens |
full bipedalism
increasing cranial capacity
explosion of material culture
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Artifacts
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material items that humans have manufactures or modified
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cultural features
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non-portable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches
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cultural landscapes
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human made or modified environments
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sedentism
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settled lifestyle and living in permanent structures
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regional territory
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moved around often; boundaries defined them where they were put in that state
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farming economics
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different economic system; all states provided services
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tribute and taxation
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goods/labor to contribute to the state in exchange for other products...took percentage of peoples products for state use/benefit
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stratified
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multiple social statue based on power; greater ability to control
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building programs
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large structures; centrally organized/managed
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record-keeping systems
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ways to read information
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social systems
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studying past social organizations
gendered roles
political organization
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cosmological and symbolic systems
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studying how past cultures and societies constructed their world views
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Psuedo-archaeology
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body of popularized accounts that use real or imaginary archaeological evidence
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cultural resource management
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recovering info. and protecting sites from development
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destruction of archaeological remains
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Looting
illegal candalism and plundering of sites
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Archaeological ethics
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modern issues of skeletal and burial analysis and different ethnic groups
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Foraging
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Hunter gatherers
mobile
rely on natural resources
band societies
egalitarian social systems
inuit
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horticulture
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subsistence farmers
simple tools
fields not permanent (slash and burn/ shifting cultivation)
rely on natural resources
tribes and cheifdom (kinship social organization)
ranked social systems
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Agriculture |
intensive farming
more complex tools
domesticated animals
irrigation/terracing/pest elimination/mechanized
costs and benefits
intensified enviornments
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Pastoralism
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Subsistence Herders
breeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animals
pastoral nomadism
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market principle
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exchange of goofs and services with a standardized value
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kinship
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specific structures and organized human relationships of interdependence
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unillineal
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relationships are recognized through one line of descent whether mothers or fathers kins lie
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ambillineal
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people can choose to recognize relationships through either their moms or dads line
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bilateral
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relationships are recognized through both lines of descents
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parallel cousins
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children of a persons parents same-sex siblings
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cross cousins
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children of a persons parents opposite sex siblings
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four kinship classification systems
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1. Lineal
2. Bifurcate merging
3. Generational
4. Bifurcate collateral
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monogamy
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single spouse marriage
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polygamy
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multiple spouse marriage
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polygyny
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multiple wives marriage
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polyandry
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multiple husbands marriage
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Exogamy
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marriage outside of a defined social/kin group
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Endogamy
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marriage inside a defined social/kin groups
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homogamy
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marry someone similar to them/ in the same social group
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caste marriage
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people marry (born into) social class with arranged marriages b/w kin groups
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royal marriage
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marry to maintain social power
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sexual orientation
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persons habitual sexual attractions and activites
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Bands
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inuit: egalitarian forages
song battles
people steal wives
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tribes
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large kin-based group
horicultural/pastoralism somewhat egalitarian
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chiefdom
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centralized polity with two or more groups
ranked society with single leader
horiculturalists
redistributed economy
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state
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centralized political system
specialized
make laws. use force
socially stratified
military structure
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social control |
parts of a culture that actively maintain social interactions
formal control
informal control
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makua
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problems within community include stealing
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ehaya
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gossip/ shame spreading rumors
INFORMAL
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enretthe
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higher sourcer to put a curse on person hoping/thinking people will die or get sick
must inform person of curse
INFORMAL
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codeia |
Jail
only use when two informal ways dont work
FORMAL
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Hegemony, A. Gramsci
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cultural behavior becomes natural
how ruling class maintain order
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Animism
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belief in souls/spirits through objects supernatural connections
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Shamanic
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Animistic practices with part time specialists
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communal
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add community ritual
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olympian
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belief in a patheon of god with full time religious specialists
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monotheism
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full time religious specialists with belief in a single omnipotent deity
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Totemism
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belief that they descent from or are connected through a mythical being or force
creates group solidarity
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Rituals
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stylized, repetitive, shared social practice set off from the routine of everyday life
1. liturgical order: set structure
2. rites of passage: maric important stages in a life cycle
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Magic
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supernatural techniques intended for specific aims
imitative magic: practice magic
contagious magic: controlling the uncontrollable
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mana
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belief in supernatural impersonal force controlling the uncontrollable
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cultural ecology
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environmental adaptation
adapting humans behavior to local ecosystems
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social control
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A means for influencing beliefs and behaviors
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influence and action
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engages emotional response
healing
charity
taliban
define right from wrong
informal means
formal codes of ethics
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colonialism |
domination of a culture by a foreign power
european colonialism
present day colonialism
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world system
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stresses existence of a global culture
emphasized linkages
spread of industrialization
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industrial degradation
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expansion led to destruction of
local economies
local environments
local peoples
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global culture & culture diffusion driven by...
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technology: communication itself
media: desire/ability to spread commodity
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