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ANTH 1102: Exam 2
Bipedal
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two footed, hominin
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Changes from becoming bipedal
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1. smell to sight
2. parental investment
3. cranial capacity
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Prehensile
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capable of grasping with hands and feet
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Encephalization
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increased ratio of brain mass to body size
primate ratio of brain size to body size exceeds that of most animals
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Apes
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brachiation
larger brain, long arms
no tail
longer life spans
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Lesser Apes
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smaller body size
less sexual dimorphism
more tree swinging
tail-less
Gibbons
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sexual dimorphism
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the biological and behavioral differences between males and females
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Old World Monkeys
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1. larger than new world monkeys
2. sharp noses
3. non-prehensile tails
4. sexual dimorphism
5. rough skin over butt
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New World Monkeys
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1. prehensile (grasping) tails
2. flat nosed
3. relatively small
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What type of primate has downward facing nostiles?
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old world monkeys
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What kind of primate has a prehensile tail?
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New World Monkeys
(spider monkey)
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What kind of primate does not have a tail?
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Apes
(gorilla)
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What are some examples of "Greater Apes"?
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Gorillas, Orangutans, chimpanzees
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Strepsirrhines
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SE Asia
Lemurs
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Haplorrhines
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Tansiers
SE Asia, Americas, Africa, Asia
Humans
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Platyrrhines
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The Americas
New World Monkeys
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Catarrhines
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Asia and Africa
Old World monkeys
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Whatmajor changes in primate evolution did cooling periods drive?
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migrated out of old world & colonized into the new world
Glacial period opened up land bridges
Cold Adaptations
Large game hunters & gatherers migrate into the Americas
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What are some examples of climate warming in the distant past, and what changes in primate evolution occurred then?
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Mammalian radiation- without big predators, smaller mammals and predators explode and become the dominant life forms
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What effect did continental drift have on primate evolution in the distant past?
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mammals arrived in Australia and developed parallel to those everywhere else, but as marsupials instead of placental mammals
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Miocene
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Time period from 23 to 5 mya (million years ago)
age of apes
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Oldowan tools
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earliest stone tools, found with Homo habilis with cores, flakes and hammerstones
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Acheulean hand axe
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lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with Homo erectus
Carried over long distances, used in cutting and butchering, wood work and vegetable prep.
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Levallois technique
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flake tool manufactured by Neandertals
Uniform flakes were chipped off a specially prepared core of rock.
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Behavioral modernity
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fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity
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Early examples of behavioral modernity
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1. cave paintings
2. jewelry
3. red ochre (body paint)
4. religious/ritualistic burials
5. sculptures
6. engravings
7. polished tools
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H. floresiensis
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The hobbit
Homo floresiensis seemed to outlive bigger bodied and brained homininsdespite its small stature. Island of Flores is locked off by bodies of water as well. Diseased skulls and brains are sharper and underdeveloped.
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Why did we walk upright?
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less skin exposed to solar radiation
arms free for carrying
energy efficient
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Why do we have large brains?
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in order to deal with the demands of cultural and biological changes
better tool making skills
survival
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What does it mean to be an anatomically modern H. sapien?
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1. no brow ridge
2. nearly vertical forehead
3. small lung capacity
small chest/torso
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When did H. sapiens expand world wide?
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~50k bp They followed herds of animals for food and later settled for domestication and farming
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Hominin species
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1. Aridipithecus (5.8-4.4 mya)
2. Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.9 mya)
3. Australophithecus afarensis (3.8-3.0 mya)
4. Homo habilis (2.4-1.4 mya)
5. Homo erectus (1.9-0.3 mya)
6. Archaic Homo sapiens (300,000-28,000 ya)
7. Neanderthals (130,000-28,000 ya)
8. Homo florensiensis (840,000-13,000 ya)
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Broad-spectrum revolution
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Period beginning around 15,000 b.p. in the Middle East and 12,000 b.p. in Europe, during which a wider range, or broader spectrum, of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught, and fished; revolutionary because it led to food production. People began working in communities to capture large game: beginnings of civilization and communication.
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Locations and time periods where domestication was independently invented
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Central America- maize, beans, squash, turkey, dogs (8,000-4,700 ya)
· Andes- squash, potatoes, quinoa, beans, guinea pigs (10,000-5,000 ya)
· Middle East- wheat, barley, sheep, goat, cattle, pig (10,000 ya)/
· China- rice, millet, dog, pig, chickens (8,500-6,500 -ya)
· East USA- sunflower, squash, chenopodium (4,500 ya)
· South Asia- lentils, chickpeas, oranges (4,000 ya)
· Sub Saharan Africa- millet, African rice (4,000 ya)
· SE Asia- yams, coconuts, soybeans, peaches (3,000 ya)
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Hypotheses for why states develop
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1. Hydraulic systems
Wittfogel: one cause of state formation is the need to regulate hydraulic (water-based agricultural economies.)
2. Long distance trade routes
3. Population, war, circumscription
Multivariate theory
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Egalitarian society
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belief in the equality of all people, especially in political, social, or economic life, no hierarchy.
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Ranked society
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A society that ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief.
Closer relatives of the chief have higher rank or social status than more distant ones.
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Stratified society
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A society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, social status, occupation, abilities and power.
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Chiefdom
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a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group. Pre-state societies.
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State
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Form of social and political organization that has formal central government and a division of society into classes.
First developed in Mesopotamia
Taxation
Social stratification (wealth, power, prestige)
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Why do states collapse?
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1. changes in population dynamics
2. cultural change
3. destratification
4. foreign invasion
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