View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (119)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
CHEM 101: EXAM 3
Chemistry |
science that describes matter's properties, composition, and/or structure |
Extensive Properties |
properties dependent on quantity |
Scientific (natural) Laws |
laws derived from nature ex. logic |
Molecular Geometry |
shape of a molecule that determines its function; molecule's arrangement around a central atom |
Accuracy |
how close measured values and exact values are |
Precision |
how closely related measurements are |
Stoichiometry |
quantitative relationship between masses, number of moles, and number of particles in a balanced equation |
Ionic Compound |
compound of cations and anions with no net electrical charge |
Covalent Compound |
shared electrons |
Organic Compound |
a compound of molecules primarily hydrogen and carbon |
Law of Definite Proportions |
a chemical compound will always contain the same proportion of an element by mass |
Law of Multiple Proportions |
two elements will always react together in the same ratio |
Electronic Geometry |
determined by locations of regions of high electron density |
Percent Weight |
how much weight an element has in a compound |
Percent Error |
measure of accuracy |
Percent Composition |
percent of an element in a pure compound |
Percent Yield |
ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage |
RSD% |
relative standard deviation; measures relative precision |
Valence Bond Theory |
hybridization |
Electron Affinity |
energy created when added to a gaseous atom |
Electronegativity |
how much an ion attracts itself to another atom |
Aufbau Principle |
electrons are added to the lowest orbitals available |
Hund's Rule |
each orbital will be filled singly with parallel spin before pairing |
Pauli Exclusion Principle |
paired electrons will have opposite spins |
Ionization Energy |
amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely charged atom |
VESPR |
lp/lp > lp/bp > bp/bp |
Isomer |
identical composition of compounds with differing structures |
Structural Isomer |
"constitutional"; same empirical formula with different atom connections; a bond must be broken and remade |
Conformational Isomer |
rotation around a SINGLE bond |
Stereoisomer |
same atom-to-atom connections with different arrangements in space |
Racemic Mixture |
equal enantiomer concentration in a mixture |
Enantiomers |
pairs of chiral molecules |
Geometric Isomer |
cis-trans bonds on either side of a double bond in a compound |
Positional Isomer |
differing positions of a functional group on a chain |
Chiral Molecules |
one carbon attached to 4 different things |
Chiral Center |
carbon in the center of a chiral molecule |
Optical Isomer |
chiral molecules; non-superimposable |
Cis |
pairs on the same side of a double bond |
Trans |
pairs across from each other |
Mer |
meridianl, similar to trans; form triangle that cuts through center molecule |
Fac |
facial, like cis; forms a triangle that goes around the center molecule |
Hydration Isomers |
water moves in or out of the coordination sphere; structural isomer |
Ionization Isomer |
ions swap positions in/out of coordination sphere; structural isomer |
Coordination Isomer |
exchange of ligands between two different coordination spheres; structural isomer |
Linkage Isomer |
linkage to the central atom via different atoms; structural isomer ex. CN connecting with the central atom via the N vs the C |
Titration |
measured volume of a solution with a known concentration is added to a measured colume of unknown concentration to determine the unknown concentration |
Titrant |
solution with known concentration |
Primary Standard |
non-hygroscopic, high mass, inexpensive; compound with known concentration |
Endpoint |
when a color change is observed in an experiment, the titration is close to equivalence point |
Equivalence Point |
point where exactly enough reactant has been added for the reaction to go to completion |
pH |
concentration of H+ atoms; measures acids and bases |
Oxidation Numbers |
charge of an atom in a compound |
Hydrocarbons |
simplest organic molecules composed of only H and C |
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons |
alkanes |
Saturated Hydrocarbons |
alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics |
Alkanes |
single bond between carbons |
Alkenes |
double bond between at least two carbons |
Alkynes |
triple bond between at least two of the carbons |
Aromatics |
carbon rings with alternating single and double bonds ex. benzene |
Alkyls |
hydrocarbon side chain; R |
Phenyls |
C6H5 |
Phenols |
derivatives of benzne, one hydrogen has been replaced by an "OH" |
Alcohol |
hydrocarbon with at least one hydrogen replaced by an OH |
Esters |
derivative of carboxylic acids with an R2 group attached to an oxygen that replaced an OH R1-C=O | O-R2 |
Ethers |
like water with both hydrogens replaced by Rs |
Carbonyl Groups |
a carbon linked to two R groups and double bonded to an oxygen |
Aldehydes |
a carbonyl group with an H replacing one of the Rs |
Ketone |
carbonyl group with two Rs |
Carboxylic Acid |
Carbon bonded with an R, an OH, and double bonded to an O |
Acyl Chlorides |
carboxylic acids with F, Cl, Br, or I replacing the OH group |
Organic Halides |
a halogen replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon |
Amines |
derivatives of ammonia where one or more H is replaced by hydrocarbons or another organic compound |
Amides |
carboxylic acid derivative where the OH group is replaced by a N which has two R groups attached to it |
Resonance |
a compound may have multiple stable states |
Arrhenius Acids |
H+ donors |
Arrhenius Bases |
OH- donors |
Bronsted/Lowry Acids |
H+ donors |
Bronsted/Lowry Bases |
H+ acceptors |
Lewis Acids |
electron pair acceptors |
Lewis Bases |
electron pair donors |
Electrolytes |
a compound that forms ions when it dissolves |
Non-electrolytes |
a compound that dissolves but does not form ions |
Sugars |
carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y |
Polymers |
giant molecules made up of monomers |
Solvent |
liquid in a solution that solvent is dissolved in |
Concentration |
molarity, quantity of solute that is dissolved in a solution |
ppm |
parts per million |
Molecular Equations |
reactants -> products |
Ionic Equation |
shows ionization of an element as it exists in a solution |
Net Ionic Equation |
ionic equation without spectator ions |
Spectator Ions |
ions that don't participate in a reaction |
Metathesis Reaction |
exchange reactions; AB+CD->AC+BD |
Combination Reaction |
composition; A+B->AB |
Decomposition Reaction |
cleavage; AB->A+B |
Displacement Reaction |
one element displaces another element; AB+C->AC+B |
Redox Reactions |
exchange of electrons |
Addition Polymerization |
components of species AB are added to a polymer |
Condensation Polymerization |
water is removed |
Ligand |
Lewis base that coordinates to the central atom in a coordination sphere |
Donor Atom |
atom in a ligand that donates a lone pair of electrons and forms a coordinate covalent bond |
Unidentate |
ligand that only bond through one atom |
Polydentate |
ligand that can bond through multiple atoms |
Chelate |
complexes that have a metal atom or ion and polydentate ligands |
Coordination Number |
number of donor atoms that can be determined by counting the number of coordinate covalent bonds |
Coordination Sphere |
metal atoms with ligands |
Fats |
long hydrocarbon chains with carboxylic acids on the end |
Solution |
solvent mixed with a solute |
Solute |
substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution |
Molarity |
number of moles per one L of solution |
ppb |
parts per billion |
Ammine |
ligand of ammonia, NH3 |
Carbonyl |
carbon monoxide as a ligand, CO |
Chloro |
chlorine as a ligand, Cl- |
Cyano |
cyanide as a ligand, CN- |
Fluoro |
fluoride as a ligand, F- |
Hydroxo |
hydroxide as a ligand, OH- |
Nitrosyl |
nitrogen monoxide as a ligand, NO |
Nitro |
nitrite as a ligand, NO2- |
Phosphine |
phosphine as a ligand, PH3 |