BIOL 213: FINAL EXAM
82 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy
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study of structure and form
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Physiology
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study of functions of the body parts
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Levels of organization
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simplest to complex
-Chemical: atoms, molecules
-Cellular: cells, organelles
-Tissue: group of similar cells
-Organ: 2 or more tissue types
-Organ system: organs working together
-Organism: all organ systems
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Anabolism
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small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
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Catabolism
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large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
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Glycolysis
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metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol without the requirement of oxygen
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4 types of macromolecules
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nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
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Lipids
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molecules that store energy and regulate metabolic processes
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Proteins
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molecules that provide structural support, storage, transport, cell communication, movement, and defense
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Carbohydrates
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molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body
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Nucleic acids
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DNA & RNA; molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce genetic information from one generation to the next
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Water
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universal solvent
role in body:
regulates body temp.
cushions against sudden movements
transports substances in blood
lubricates
high surface tension
has a neutral pH
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Plasma membrane
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the outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environment
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Nucleus
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largest structure
houses DNA
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Cytoplasm
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term for all cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus
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Membrane-bound organelles
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
lysosome
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Non-membrane-bound organelles
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ribosomes
centrisome
proteasome
cytoskeleton
cytosol
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Epithelial tissue
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c: tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix
f: covers body & organ surfaces, lines body & organ cavities
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Connective tissue
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c: contains cells, protein fibers & ground substance
f: binds, supports & protects other tissues & organs
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Muscle tissue
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c: cells may be spindle-shaped, branching or cylindrical; contain myofilaments
f: moves the skeleton or organ walls
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Nervous tissue
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c: contains neurons & glial cells
f: transmits nerve impulses & processes information
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Integument
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protects internal body structures
body's largest organ
7 to 8% of body weight
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Effect of sunlight on skin
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when exposed to the sun, melanocytes become more active
& produce more melanin giving the skin a tanned look
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Structure & composition of bones
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continually rebuilds & remodels itself
compact bone- dense connective bone tissue, solid
spongy bone- internal to compact
cartilage- flexible
ligaments, tendons
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Function of bones
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structural framework
protect delicate tissues
movement
hemopoiesis: blood cell production
storage: reserve of minerals calcium & phosphate
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Osteoblasts
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bone-forming
secrete osteoid
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Osteoclasts
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bone-reabsorbing
resorb bone matrix along medullary cavity
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Intramembranous Ossification
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Bone tissue replaces connective tissue
examples: Flat bone of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, central part of the clavicle
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Endochondral Ossification
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Bones tissue replaces hyaline cartilage
examples: upper & lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle
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Synovial joint
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fluid-filled joint cavity that separates articulating surfaces
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Fibrous joint
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occurs where bones are held together
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Cartilaginous joint
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occurs where bones are joined by cartilage
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Synarthrosis
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immobile joint
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Amphiarthrosis
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slightly mobile joint
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Diarthrosis
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freely mobile joint
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Common injuries
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Dislocation: joint injury where the articulating bones have separated
Fracture of the femoral neck
torn ACL: when leg is hyperextended
Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments
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Structure & composition of muscle
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epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendon, aponeurosis
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Thick filaments
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Consist of bundles of many myosin protein molecules
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Thin filaments
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two strands of actin protein twisted around each other to form a helical shape
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Neuromuscular junction
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one per muscle fiber
specific location where muscle fiber is innervated by a motor neuron
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Action potential
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a rapid rise (depolarization) and fall (repolarization) in the charge of the membrane
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Resting membrane potential
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the electrical charge difference when a cell is at rest
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Channels involved
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voltage-gated Na+ channels, voltage-gated K+ channels
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Wernicke area
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speech & language
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Primary visual cortex
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vision
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Gnostic area
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integrates all information being processed
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Prefrontal cortex
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involved with higher intellectual functions
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Neurons
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excitable cells that initiate & transmit electrical signals
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Synapse
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junction where a neuron connects to another neuron or an effector
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Gray matter
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made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
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White matter
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consists of myelinated axons
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Cells of CNS
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glial cells
myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes
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Cells of PNS
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myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells
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Receptive segment
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binding of neurotransmitter
production of graded potential
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Initial segment
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summation of graded potentials
invitation of action potential
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Conductive segment
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propagation of action potential
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Transmissive segment
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action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
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Sensory pathway
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ascending toward brain
Signals for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain
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Motor pathway
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descending from brain
Control effectors such as skeletal muscles
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REM sleep
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brain is active
25% of sleep time
important for consolidation of memories
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Non-REM sleep
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slower frequency brain waves
75% of sleep time
important for growth, rest, energy conservation
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Autonomic nervous system
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regulates subconscious processes
maintains homeostasis
responds to input from visceral sensory components
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Parasympathetic division
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maintains homeostasis at rest
cranial nerves: Oculomotor, facial, glossopharnygeal, vagus
rest and digest
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Sympathetic division
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maintain homeostasis during exercise and emergencies, fight or flight
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Cooperative effects
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-Parasympathetic activity causes vasodilation in external
genitalia
-Sympathetic activity causes ejaculation/reflex vaginal contractions
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Antagonistic effects
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-Parasympathetic activity slows heart rate
-Sympathetic activity increases heart rate
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Cholinergic receptors
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nicotinic- found on cell bodies & dendrites of all ganglionic neurons & walls of adrenal medulla cells
muscarinic: in all target organs of parasympathetic division
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Adrenergic receptors
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alpha and beta receptors
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Tactile receptors
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mechanoreceptors located in the skin & mucous membranes
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Phasic receptors
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Adapt rapidly
Only respond to new stimuli
E.g., pressure receptors
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General senses
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pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
receptors distributed throughout the body
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Special senses
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Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
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Tonic receptors
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Limited adaptation
Respond continuously
E.g., head position receptors in inner ear; all pain receptors
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Gustation
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sense of taste
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taste buds
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onion‐shaped organs housing taste receptors
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Filiform papillae
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short & spiked
no taste buds
help manipulate food
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Fungiform papillae
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mushroom‐shaped
Each contains a few taste buds
Located on tip and sides of tongue
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Vallate papillae
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Largest, least numerous
Contain most of the taste buds
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Foliate papillae
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leaflike ridges
Not well developed
House a few taste buds in early childhood
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Sclera
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whites of the eye
provides shape & protection
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Cornea
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convex transparent structure at front of eye
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Choroid
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Contains many blood vessels to nourish retina
Houses melanocytes (melanin absorbs extra light)
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