Front Back
Anatomy
study of structure and form
Physiology
study of functions of the body parts
Levels of organization
simplest to complex -Chemical: atoms, molecules -Cellular: cells, organelles -Tissue: group of similar cells -Organ: 2 or more tissue types -Organ system: organs working together -Organism: all organ systems
Anabolism
small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
Catabolism
large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Glycolysis
metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol without the requirement of oxygen
4 types of macromolecules
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Lipids
molecules that store energy and regulate metabolic processes
Proteins
molecules that provide structural support, storage, transport, cell communication, movement, and defense
Carbohydrates
molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body
Nucleic acids
DNA & RNA; molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce genetic information from one generation to the next
Water
universal solvent role in body: regulates body temp. cushions against sudden movements transports substances in blood lubricates high surface tension has a neutral pH
Plasma membrane
the outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environment
Nucleus
largest structure houses DNA
Cytoplasm
term for all cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion Golgi apparatus peroxisome lysosome
Non-membrane-bound organelles
ribosomes centrisome proteasome cytoskeleton cytosol
Epithelial tissue
c: tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix f: covers body & organ surfaces, lines body & organ cavities
Connective tissue
c: contains cells, protein fibers & ground substance f: binds, supports & protects other tissues & organs
Muscle tissue
c: cells may be spindle-shaped, branching or cylindrical; contain myofilaments f: moves the skeleton or organ walls
Nervous tissue
c: contains neurons & glial cells f: transmits nerve impulses & processes information
Integument
protects internal body structures body's largest organ 7 to 8% of body weight
Effect of sunlight on skin
when exposed to the sun, melanocytes become more active & produce more melanin giving the skin a tanned look
Structure & composition of bones
continually rebuilds & remodels itself compact bone- dense connective bone tissue, solid spongy bone- internal to compact cartilage- flexible ligaments, tendons
Function of bones
structural framework protect delicate tissues movement hemopoiesis: blood cell production storage: reserve of minerals calcium & phosphate
Osteoblasts
bone-forming secrete osteoid
Osteoclasts
bone-reabsorbing resorb bone matrix along medullary cavity
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone tissue replaces connective tissue examples: Flat bone of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, central part of the clavicle
Endochondral Ossification
Bones tissue replaces hyaline cartilage examples: upper & lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle
Synovial joint
fluid-filled joint cavity that separates articulating surfaces
Fibrous joint
occurs where bones are held together
Cartilaginous joint
occurs where bones are joined by cartilage
Synarthrosis
immobile joint
Amphiarthrosis
slightly mobile joint
Diarthrosis
freely mobile joint
Common injuries
Dislocation: joint injury where the articulating bones have separated Fracture of the femoral neck torn ACL: when leg is hyperextended Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments
Structure & composition of muscle
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendon, aponeurosis
Thick filaments
Consist of bundles of many myosin protein molecules
Thin filaments
two strands of actin protein twisted around each other to form a helical shape
Neuromuscular junction
one per muscle fiber specific location where muscle fiber is innervated by a motor neuron
Action potential
a rapid rise (depolarization) and fall (repolarization) in the charge of the membrane
Resting membrane potential
the electrical charge difference when a cell is at rest
Channels involved
voltage-gated Na+ channels, voltage-gated K+ channels
Wernicke area
speech & language
Primary visual cortex
vision
Gnostic area
integrates all information being processed
Prefrontal cortex
involved with higher intellectual functions
Neurons
excitable cells that initiate & transmit electrical signals
Synapse
junction where a neuron connects to another neuron or an effector
Gray matter
made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
White matter
consists of myelinated axons
Cells of CNS
glial cells myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes
Cells of PNS
myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells
Receptive segment
binding of neurotransmitter production of graded potential
Initial segment
summation of graded potentials invitation of action potential
Conductive segment
propagation of action potential
Transmissive segment
action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
Sensory pathway
ascending toward brain Signals for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain
Motor pathway
descending from brain Control effectors such as skeletal muscles
REM sleep
brain is active 25% of sleep time important for consolidation of memories
Non-REM sleep
slower frequency brain waves 75% of sleep time important for growth, rest, energy conservation
Autonomic nervous system
regulates subconscious processes maintains homeostasis responds to input from visceral sensory components
Parasympathetic division
maintains homeostasis at rest cranial nerves: Oculomotor, facial, glossopharnygeal, vagus rest and digest
Sympathetic division
maintain homeostasis during exercise and emergencies, fight or flight
Cooperative effects
-Parasympathetic activity causes vasodilation in external genitalia -Sympathetic activity causes ejaculation/reflex vaginal contractions
Antagonistic effects
-Parasympathetic activity slows heart rate -Sympathetic activity increases heart rate
Cholinergic receptors
nicotinic- found on cell bodies & dendrites of all ganglionic neurons & walls of adrenal medulla cells muscarinic: in all target organs of parasympathetic division
Adrenergic receptors
alpha and beta receptors
Tactile receptors
mechanoreceptors located in the skin & mucous membranes
Phasic receptors
Adapt rapidly Only respond to new stimuli E.g., pressure receptors
General senses
pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception receptors distributed throughout the body
Special senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
Tonic receptors
Limited adaptation Respond continuously E.g., head position receptors in inner ear; all pain receptors
Gustation
sense of taste
taste buds
onion‐shaped organs housing taste receptors
Filiform papillae
short & spiked no taste buds help manipulate food
Fungiform papillae
mushroom‐shaped Each contains a few taste buds Located on tip and sides of tongue
Vallate papillae
Largest, least numerous Contain most of the taste buds
Foliate papillae
leaflike ridges Not well developed House a few taste buds in early childhood
Sclera
whites of the eye provides shape & protection
Cornea
convex transparent structure at front of eye
Choroid
Contains many blood vessels to nourish retina Houses melanocytes (melanin absorbs extra light)

Access the best Study Guides, Lecture Notes and Practice Exams

Login

Join to view and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?