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BIOL 112: FINAL EXAM
The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of _____. |
several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other |
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? |
characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes |
The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features? |
the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards |
Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? |
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb |
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the racoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is more likely due to ______. |
possession of analogous (convergent) traits |
Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees? |
similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution |
A population of organisms will not evolve if ______. |
all individuals variation is due only to environmental factors |
Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose ______. |
natural selection as the mechanism of evolution |
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection?
1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals
2. A change occurs in the environment
3. Genetic frequencies within the population change
4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship |
2,4,1,3 |
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? |
bones in the flipper of a whale |
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
|
descent with modification |
Which statement about variation is true? |
All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability. |
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface, the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by _______. |
the founder effect |
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _______. |
reduced hybrid viability |
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation? |
genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence |
Plant species A has diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be ________. |
28 |
If a group of deer living in Europe have varying phenotypes, and over time it is determined that very big deer can survive by fighting and very small deer can survive by running while intermediate deer are being predated upon. What type of selection would this represent? |
divergent/disruptive |
In each fly species, the entire body segment that gave rise to the original flight wings is missing. The mutation(s) that led to the flightless condition could have _______. |
altered the expression of a Hox gene |
The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that _______. |
in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species |
A hybrid zone is properly defined as _____. |
An area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring |
In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, we should see a decline in _____. |
gene flow between distinct gene pools |
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that _______. |
speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time |
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur, ______. |
at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change |
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
1. formation of protobionts
2. synthesis of organic monomers
3. synthesis of organic polymers
4. formation of DNA-based genetic systems |
2,3,1,4 |
Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protocells had in common? |
a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure |
The first genetic material on Earth was probably _____. |
self-replicating RNA molecules |
What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
|
4,1,3,2,5 |
What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above indicate? |
an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation |
What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins? |
it includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth |
Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize? |
a common squirrel |
Syphilis (Treponema palladium) is caused by a ______. |
spirochete |
One species of _____ is the most common cause of blindness in the world and also causes non-gonococcal urethritis - the most common sexually transmitted disease in the US. |
chlamydia |
In terms of the anatomy of a flower, the stigma, style and ovary collectively makeup the ______. |
carpel |
Legionnaire's disease and Salmonella are caused by ______. |
gamma proteobacteria |
Ringworm and "Athlete's Foot" are caused by what type of fungus?
|
Ascomycete |
Amebic dysentery - caused by contaminated drinking water and/or food - is, on a pathogenic level caused by a member of the _______ clade. |
Unikonta |
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack up on Gram-negative bacterium, that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of strucutres penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
3. peptidoglycan
4. capsule |
4, 1, 3, 2 |
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? |
lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane |
Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? |
horizontal gene transfer |
In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are: |
prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes |
Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does NOT involve symbiosis? |
decomposer |
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? |
cyanobacteria --> green algae --> land plants |
Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolve from chloroplasts) thought to have derived from ancestral green algae? |
chlorarachniophytes |
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins (know as "bait and switch")? |
Plasmodium
Trypanosoma |
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristics of ______. |
forams |
what is an aquatic protist that is a primary producer? |
diatom |
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. |
are unicellular |
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ______. |
green algae |
After 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape of Earth would have _______. |
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts, cyanobacteria and protists forming green mats on rocks |
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. |
is surrounded by a cuticle |
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ______.
|
sporopollenein |
The specific cell that causes liver damage is the rupture of: |
merozoites |
In the life cycle of a moss, spores develop into threadlike: |
protonemata |
Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? |
flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop |
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? |
it lacks gametangia (has only a reduced, microscopic gametophyte generation) |
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? |
male gametophyte |
Within the gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development assuming that fertilization occurs?
1. sporophyte embryo
2. female gametophyte
3. egg cell
4. megaspore |
4, 2, 3, 1 |
What is a characteristic of all angiosperms? |
double internal fertilization |
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all ______. |
modified leaves |
You look through a transmission electron microscope at a flagellum. Within that flagellum you see a "hook, a rod and a filament." The organism you are looking at is a member of: |
gamma proteobacteria |
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? |
fungal enzymes |
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following does the group of fungus belong? |
Chytrids |
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:
1. ascospore
2. ascocarp
3. ascomycete
4. ascus |
3, 2, 4, 1 |
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? |
photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae |
The "slug-like," migrating amebic aggregate.." that congregates when nutrition is depleted and can become a fruiting body of sexual reproduction is found within which group of organisms? |
Cellular slime molds |
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ______. |
dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in population |
An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, then the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?
|
a genetic bottleneck |
In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobyl, USSR led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the area ever since. Based on your understandings of evolutionary mechanisms, which of the following most likely occurred in the rodent population? |
mutations led to increased genetic variation |
Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? |
a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism |
House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two populations have recently come in contact. If the two forms were unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges meet, what would this situation definitely illustrate? |
allopatric speciation |
If species "A" is 2n=6 and species "B" is 2n=4 were to interbreed and have a sterile hybrid of 5 chromosomes yet later encounter a mitotic or meiotic error whereby the diploid number is then 10 and then that organism becomes viable, this would be an example of: |
autopolyploidy |
Why are fossils so important in terms of evolutionary and biological study of the planet Earth? |
fossils show us the forms of life that have gone extinct, but were clearly resident of Earth at one point
fossils can be dated and thus the age of the organism can be determined from the fossil |
Which of these observations give the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? |
the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts |
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _______. |
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth |
During the oxygen revolution that took place, many prokaryotic species became extinct because these organisms lacked the enzyme(s): |
superoxide dismutase and catalase |
_____ gene families such as Hox and MADS-Hox determine basic anatomical features such as where wings and legs will develop. |
Homeotic |
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. THe existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _______. |
convergent evolution |
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last?
A) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses
B) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests
C) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
D) rise and diversification of angiosperms |
rise and diversification of angiosperms |
Certain members of the _____ clade have a pellicle and an "eyespot." |
excavata |
In addition of seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed producing plants? |
pollen |
A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _______. |
have three or four membranes |
Which of the following is NOT functionally important in cells of the gametophyte of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) cell walls
D) haploid nuclei |
chloroplasts |
Some fungi have ____ - specialized hyphae that allowed them to penetrate the tissues of their host. |
haustoria |
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represent by which of the following structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? |
gap junctions - plasmodesmata |
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus.
1. basidiocarp
2. basidium
3. basidiospore
4. mycelium
5. gill |
4, 1, 5, 2, 3 |
According to the fossil record, plant colonized terrestrial habitats ______.
|
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil |
In charophytes, a layer of durable polymer called _____ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. |
sporopollenin |
Which of the following has the LEAST affiliation with all the others?
1. Glomeromycota
2. Lichens
3. Arbuscles
4. Mycorrhizae |
Lichens |
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? |
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae |
Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga probably led to the later evolution of ______. |
stramenopiles |
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? |
the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP |
In terms of the interaction between pharmacology and pathogenicity, a drug company would want to: |
find a cellular structure the pathogen has that the host does not have |
All of the following are evolutionary advantages to a plant having seeds except:
A) Seeds can remain dormant for years.
B) Seeds may be transported by animals.
C) Seeds have a supply of stored food and protect the embryo.
D) Seeds can be pollinated and fertilized.
E) All of the above are advantages. |
Seeds can be pollinated and fertilized |
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? |
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves |
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ____. |
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition |
All protists are _____. |
eukaryotic |
If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
2. chlorophylls a and b.
3. alternation of generations.
4. cell walls of cellulose.
5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. |
1 and 5 |
Which of the following is/are unique to animals?
A) heterotrophy
B) the structural carbohydrate chitin
C) flagellated gametes
D) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
E) B and D |
nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement |
An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____. |
is bilaterally symmetrical |
The main benefits of an animal with coelom is/are _____.
A) compartmentalization
B) separation of organ systems
C) connective tissues to keep organ systems in place
D) All of the above. |
All of the above |
All of the above |
All of the above |
Which of the following is a vertebrate but not a gnathostome? |
a member of petromyzontida |
The amniotic egg allows for ________.
A) prevention of dessication
B) gas exchange
C) nutrient storage
D) All of the above |
all of the above |
Which of the following has been found on the outside of the US space shuttle/station? |
Tardigrades ("water bears") |
Which of the following is not a eumetazoan?
A) Poriferan
B) Cnidarian
C) Lophotrochozoan
D) Ecdysozoan |
poriferan |
If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____.
A. respiring and feeding
B. respiring
C. moving
D. feeding |
respiring and feeding |
Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).
1. apes
2. hominins
3. Homo
4 anthropoids
5. primates |
5, 4, 1, 2, 3 |
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the
embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage).
This embryo may potentially develop into a(n)
A) earthworm.
B) sea urchin
C) turtle.
D) sea star. |
earthworm |
What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton? |
number of shell plates |
If an egg is fertilized internally, has no placenta, is nourished by the egg yolk, and the egg stays within the female until they are ready to hatch, then the embryological development is _________. |
ovoviviparous |
Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction in animals only?
A) Budding
B) Parthenogenesis
C) Fission
D) All of the above |
Parthenogenesis |
Wasps are in the order ______.
|
hymenoptera |
All of the following allowed for the evolution of flight in birds except _________.
A) smaller urinary bladder
B) large pectoral muscles
C) wings with feathers made of keratin
D) females with only one ovary |
smaller urinary bladder |
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look
completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following
is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? |
changes in the homeobox genes governing early development |
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point in their life cycle?
A) post-anal tail
B) four-chambered heart
C) vertebrae
D) jaws |
post-anal tail |
While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. She rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _______.
A) mollusc.
B) echinoderm.
C) nematode.
D) arthropod. |
mollusc |
I am an animal. I am an echinoderm. I do not look like most echinoderms. I have a reduced endoskeleton, lack spines, and I have 5 rows of tube feet - some of my tube feet have developed into feeding tentacles. I usually reside on the seafloor where I scavenge on debris. I am a member of which echinoderm subgroup? |
holothuroidea |
The two main groups (unranked sub-clades) of the ecdysozoans are the _____________________.
A) nematodes and arthropods
B) nematodes and annelids
C) annelids and arthropods
D) echinoderms and arthropods |
nematodes and arthropods |
If an insect is referred to as a nymph, it has undergone, or will undergo ________.
A) incomplete metamorphosis
B) binary fission
C) complete metamorphosis
D) ecdysis |
incomplete metamorphosis or ecdysis
|
With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? |
humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor |
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.
A) an arthropod
B) a platyhelminth
C) a mollusk
D) an annelid |
a platyhelminth |
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?
1. tetrapods
2. vertebrates
3. deuterostomes
4. amniotes
5. bilaterians |
5, 3, 2, 1, 4 |
All arthropods ______.
1. undergo complete metamorphosis
2. have jointed appendages
3. molt
4. have segmented bodies
5. have an exoskeleton or cuticle |
2, 3, 4 and 5 |
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?
A) ectothermy
B) terrestrial
C) amniotic egg
D) endothermy |
endothermy |
What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? The insect would have trouble ________. |
smelling |
Insect wings are an extension of their _____. |
cuticle |
Which of the following genes, if any, are involved in the development of the vertebrate brain?
A) BF1 gene
B) Otx gene
C) Hox3
D) All of the above
E) None of the above |
all of the above |
Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?
A) hydrostatic skeleton
B) endoskeleton
C) cuticle
D) shell |
hydrostatic skeleton |
All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _______.
A) 5 Dlx genes
B) 7 FOXP2 genes
C) 13 Hox genes
D) 9 Otx genes |
13 Hox genes |
nutritional modes for:
1. plants
2. fungi
3. animals |
1. plants are autotropic eukaryotes capable of generating organic molecules through photosynthesis
2. fungi are heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by absorption
3. animals ingest their food - either by eating other live organisms or by eating nonliving organic material |
animals are _____ eukaryotes. |
multicellular |
what are animal bodies held together by? |
structural proteins such as collagen |
tissues |
groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit |
animals lack the structural support of _____. |
cell walls |
most abundant animal protein |
collagen |
what is one of the main animal adaptations that differentiate animals from plants and fungi? |
the ability to move and conduct nerve impulses |
most animals reproduce ______. |
sexually, and the diploid stage usually dominates the life cycle |
cleavage |
a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between divisions |
Embryonic Development Sequence |
1. blastulation
2. gastrulation
3. neurulation |
what does the neuroplate become in animals? |
the CNS (brains and the spinal cord) |
larva |
a sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile (resembles an adult, but is not yet sexually mature) |
metamorphosis |
a development transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature |
homeoboxes |
a set of DNA sequences that regulate the expression of other genes
influence morphology |
what are the ONLY animals that do not have Hox genes? |
SPONGES because no true tissues |
roles of Hox genes |
development of animal embryos
controlling the expression of many other genes that influence morphology |
purpose of sponge's homebox |
genes that influence shape, such as those that regulate the formation of water channels int he body wall |
closest living relatives to animals |
choanocytes |
what marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals? |
the cambrian explosion |
bilaterians |
1. bilaterally symmetric form
2. complete digestive tract
3. one-way digestive system
cambrian explosion |
major components of the Cambrian explosion |
new predator-prey relationships
A RISE IN OXYGEN!!!
the evolution of the Hox gene complex |
one major components of the cambrian explosion was the: |
increase in oxygen |
you can only have ONE ____ in the biosphere at a single time. |
apex predator |
mammals increasing in size and exploiting vacated ecological niches is an example of _____. |
adaptive radiaiton |
adaptive radiations and _____ go hand and hand. |
increased speciatation |
Mesoderm leads to ____ and ____. |
muscle and bone |
diploblastic |
animals have ectoderm and endoderm |
triploblastic |
animals have ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm layer
include ALL bilaterians |
coelom!!!!! |
a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue |
evolutionary benefit of the coelom!!!!!
|
body cavities lead to compartmentalization of organ systems; connective tissues to keep organ systems in place |
what makes identical twins possible? |
indeterminate cleavage (deuterostome) |
during gastrulation, an embryo's developing digestive tube initally forms as a blind pouch, the _____. |
archenteron, which becomes the gut |
five important points about the relationships among living animals |
1. all animals share a common ancestor
2. sponges are basal animals
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
4. most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
5. there are three major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone, except Chordata, which are classified as vertebrates because they have a backbone |
The bilaterians are divided into three clades: |
Deuterostomia
Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa |
lophophore |
Deuterostomia
Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa |
lophophore |
a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding |
what genetic process may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? |
gene duplication |
an adult animal that possesses bilaterial symmetry is most certainly also _____. |
triploblastic |
which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? |
increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record |
the cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____. |
adaptive radiation |
soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the _____. |
archenteron |
an animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be _____. |
bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized |
at what development stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? |
gastrulation |
at which development stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? |
clevage |
cephilization is primary associated with ______. |
bilateral symmetry |
cephalization is most closely associated with ______. |
concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end |
you are trying to identify an organism. it is an animal, but does not have nerve or muscle tissues. it is neither diploblastic or triploblastic. it is probably a _____. |
sponge |
the blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during ______.
|
gastrulation |
the blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is know as the _____. |
archenteron |
the most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having: |
true tissues or no tissues |
rank from most inclusive to lease inclusive:
1. ecdysozoan
2. protostome
3. eumentazoan
4. triploblastic |
3, 4, 2, 1 |
what is the association with the animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? |
mesoderm: CNS |
phylogenetic trees are best understood as being scientific _____. |
hypotheses |
phylogenetic trees are best described as ____. |
hypothetical portrays of evolutionary relationships |
kingdom animalia is ______. |
monophyletic |
what distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular one? |
protostome and deuterostome |
what is a characteristic of all ecdysozoans? |
some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering |
acoelomates are characterized by: |
a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs |
Evolutionary benefit of being flat: |
increases the surface area |
placozoans |
most basal group of invertebrates
being flat increases their surface area
have a hard time classifying them into a phylogeny |
how do placozoans reproduce? |
asexually by budding |
what is the largest range of animal forms? |
lophotrocozoans |
endostyle |
a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx that produced mucus to gather food particles
|
sponges are ______ feeders |
filter |
spongocoel |
water is drawn through pores into a central cavity |
osculum |
water flows out of the sponge |
Animal groups that have choanocytes: |
planarians
cnidarians
sponges |
Amoebocytes |
found in the mesophyll and play roles in digestion and structure |
totipotent |
an undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming other types of cells. Ergo, sponges can adapt quickly to environmental pressures |
cnidocytes |
unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey |
protonephridia!!!! |
flatworms
regulate the osmotic balance |
Things that increase surface area: |
flattening
folding
projections
branching |
cephalization leads to the formation of ______. |
cerebral tissue!! |
how does a planarian feed? |
protrusible pharynx |
scolex |
contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host |
proglottids |
units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex |
ectoprocts |
sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants |
main parts of a mollusc |
muscular foot
visceral mass
mantle |
radula |
mollusc
used to scrape algae off of rocks |
metanephridium
|
mollusc
osmoregulatory strcuture |
chiton |
oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates |
how do gastropods move? |
rippling motion of the foot
cilia
radula to graze on algae |
adductor muscles |
draw to halves of the bivalves together |
nephrostome |
earthworm
funnel-like component of metanephridium (pushes wastes into metanephridium) |
ecdysis |
the cuticle is she or molted |
what makes for good research? |
genome has been sequenced
life span is short
cheap |
cuticle |
an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin
ALSO SEEN IN PLANTS |
chelicerae |
modified first pair of appendages |
book lungs |
gas exchange carried out by stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber |
tymphanum |
found in insects
analagous to the human eardrum |
malpighian tubules |
metabolic wastes are excreted |
insect wings are an extension of the _______. |
cuticle |
incomplete metamorphosis
|
the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
|
complete metamorphosis |
have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
the larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage |
archaeognatha |
bristletails |
zygentoma |
silverfish
not winged |
coleoptera |
beetles
complete metamorphosis |
Diptera |
flies
complete metamorphosis |
Hymenoptera |
bees and wasps
complete metamorphosis |
lepidoptera |
moths and butterflies
complete metamorphosis |
hemiptera |
tree bugs
incomplete metamorphosis |
orthoptera |
grasshoppers and crickets
incomplete metamorphosis |
deuterostomes are defined primarily by _____. |
DNA similarities |
Evolutionary benefits of a water vascular system: |
structure
support
allows muscles to be able to move |
the members of which clade in the phylum cnidaria occur only as polyps? |
anthozoa |
what characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? |
a digestive system with a single opening |
***the excretory organ of annelids are: *** |
metanephridia |
a brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of: |
a lophophore |
if a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?
|
the mantle cavity |
a terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade? |
gastropoda |
what is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators? |
cnidaria |
Five key characters of chordates: |
notochord
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits or clefts
muscular, post-anal tail
endostyle |
examples of nonvertebrate chordates: |
lancelets and tunicates |
important genes for the development of chordates: |
BF1
Otx
Hox3 |
vertebrates have the following derived characters: |
vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
an elaborate skull
fin rays, in the aquatic form |
cyclostomes |
hagfish and lampreys |
gnathostomes |
vertebrates with jaws |
what do hagfish use as a defense? |
slime |
fossils from the Cambrian explosion document the transition to _____. |
craniates |
where were the first vertebrates? |
in the sea |
earliest vertebrate in the fossil record |
conodonts |
evolutionary benefits of the jaw |
defense
nutrition acquisition
sound and communication |
structures that detect vibrations within the animal kingdom: |
grasshopper - tympanic membrane
terrestrial vertebrates - eardrum
fish - lateral line system |
oviparous |
eggs hatch outside the mother's body (most reptiles) |
ovoviviparous |
the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk (sharks) |
viviparous |
the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood
|
operculum |
most fish breathe by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum |
CLASS TIMELINE |
fungi and algae, small plants, large plants and then animals |
what are the transition groups for plants and animals? |
plants - ferns
animals - amphibians |
purpose of amniotes |
allows for gas exchange, nutrient storage and prevents desiccation |
endothermic |
maintaining body temperature through metabolism |
Snake adaptations to aid in capture and consumption of prey |
chemical sensors
heat-detecting organs
venom
loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin |
evolutionary benefits of the four chambered heart |
prevents blood mixing
allows for a greater regulation of blood pressure |
best examples of convergent evolution |
flagellum
wings
venom |