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BIOL 111: EXAM 2
annulus |
row of cells with unevenly thickened walls on fern sporangia |
apical meristem |
embryonic tissue regions forming new cells at tips of shoots and roots
|
antheridium |
gametangium which produces sperm |
archegonium |
gametangium that produces egg |
calyptra |
haploid remnant of archegonium which forms looses, sometimes fringed, cover over moss sporophyte |
columella |
central sterile tissue in moss capsule
|
croszier |
fern leaf that is not yet rolled |
frond |
leaf of a fern
|
gametangium |
haploid structure within which gametes are produced |
gamete |
reproductive cell that produces an organism only after fusion with another gamete (egg or sperm) |
gametophyte |
haploid generation of plants; produces gametes
|
homosporous |
bearing spores that are all the same size
|
megaphylls |
leaves defined by presence of leaf gap; tend to be large |
pinna |
small divisions of fern leaf |
rachis |
main axis of fern leaf |
rhizoid |
hairlike structure that anchors some gametophytes (like moses) to substrate
|
rhizome |
enlarged, usually horizontal underground stem |
sporangium |
structure that produces spores |
spore |
a reproductive cell that can produce a new organism without fusing with another cell |
sporophyte |
diploid generation of plants; ;produces spores
|
sterile layer |
outer layer of cells of gametangium ; does not give rise to gamestes
|
thallus |
plant body that is not differentiated into roots, stems, leaves, etc. |
zygote |
diploid cell produced when egg is fertilized |
asexual reproduction |
reproduction in which one cell makes an exact copy of itself |
mitosis |
a single cell divides resulting in two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes |
sexual production |
two organism produce gametes that participate in fertilization |
fertilization |
fusing of one gamete from each parent to produce the next generation |
meiosis |
in sexually reproducing organisms, two consecutive nuclear divisions occur, leading to the production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes
|
germ cells |
undergo meiosis, found in our gonands |
diploid |
cells that contain two sets of chromosomes |
haploid |
cells which number of chromosomes has been reduced by one half and contain only one set of chromosomes |
interphase |
consists of G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase (Chromosomes begin to condense)
|
G1 phase |
growth (1) |
S phase |
DNA synthesis |
G2 Phase |
Growth (2) |
Karyokinesis |
segregation of the chromosomes |
Cytokinesis |
division of cytoplasm and the formation of the new daughter cells |
locus |
a position on a chromosome where a gene resides |
centromere |
clear plastic piece in each chromosome
|
sister chromatid |
each strand of the duplicated chromosome |
homologous pairs |
a chromosome pairs with another chromosome during meiosis. This (synapsis) happens between two chromosomes that are homologous, i.e. chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci but possibly different alleles |
prophase |
chromosomes consense in the nucleus, and chromatids become visible. |
metaphase |
spindle fibers tug and arrange chromosomes along the middle (equator) .
|
Anaphase |
sister chromatids separate from each other at the centromere |
Telophase |
spindle apparatus disappears, and the two nuclei reform. chromosomes unwind and reform chromatin |
independent assortment |
The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes. |
Red Algae |
Supergroup: Archaeplastida
- only chlorophyll a, lack flagella, two layered cell walls, deposit calcium carbonate into their cell walls |
Green Algae |
Supergroup: Archaeplastida
- chlorophyll a and b, makes the most O2, gave rise to an extensive evolutionary line of land plants, one large chloroplast per cell |
chlamydomonas |
Group: Chlorophytes
- has two whiplash flagella, large cup shaped chloroplast |
volvox |
Group: Chlorophytes
-cells divided several times in two planes, and that the daughter cells stayed together and formed a hollow ball
- large, spherical, hollow colony |
Ulva |
Group: Chlorophytes
- chlamydomonas-like cell lost its flagella and started dividing in one plane without separation. reuse would be sing row of cells, or filament
|
cladophora |
chlamydomonas-like cell lost its flagella and its nucleus divided without the cytoplasm dividing (Coencyte)
|
Stoneworts |
Group: Charophyceans
- similar to ancestors of the first land plnts because of: rosette cellulose, peroxisomes, phragmoplast, sterile layer
|
Spirogyra |
Group: Charophyceans
- spiral-shaped chloroplast; there may be one to a few chloroplast per cell |
Chara |
Group: charophyceans
- gametes are produced in gametangia; sterile layer of cells, |
archegonia |
gametangia that produce eggs |
antheridium |
gametangia that produce sperm |
Alteration of Generations |
alternate between haploid and diploid organisms
(haploid/ Gametophyte), (diploid, sporophyte) |
Land plant trend |
The evolutionary trend in land plants in toward increasing dominance of the diploid sporophyte generation |
microspores |
small spores, born in microsporangia on microsporophylls, when they gernimate they produce microgametophytes with antheridia |
megaspore |
large spores, often four per megasporangium are borne in megasporangia on megaphylls. produce megagametophytes with archegonia only.
|
fasicles |
pine cones occur in a cluster of these |
epidermis |
outer layer of leaf cells |
cuticle |
waxy substances covering over the outer surfaces of the epidermis of plants |
stomata |
small openings in the epidermis
|
endodermis |
mesophyll is separated from inner vascular tissue by a single ring of cells
|
strobili |
clusters of cones |
megasporangiate |
... |