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PSYC 4130: Exam 3
The resting potential of a photoreceptor is:
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-40mV
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Which of the primary types of cells in the striate (visual) cortex are responsive to both orientation and movement, but not length/size?
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Complex Cells
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The perceptual attribute of _____ best corresponds to that of the dominant wavelength of light.
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Hue
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If a patient has damaged their left lateral geniculate nucleus, the following would be symptom that they might experience.
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Temporal side of left eye damaged, and nasal side of right eye damaged.
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All of the following are opponent colors in the visual colors in the visual system EXCEPT:
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Blue/Yellow
White/Black
Red/Green
(These are the opponent colors) anything but these would be the answer
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Consider the figure on the right. One line appears longer because?
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Purpose of the visual system is to convert 2-D retinal image into 3-D perception. As a result, the mind is tricked into thinking one of the lines is longer because of the converging lines (Ponzo illusion).
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You stare at a very high spatial frequency grating (i.e. very finely spaced black-and-white lines) for a full minute. You then look up and attempt to read an eye chart that is 50 feet away. Based on spatial adaptation, what do you think will happen?
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If you adapt HIGH SF detector, other site appear lower in Frequency from reduced contribution of HIGH SF detector. So they will appear blurry/overlapping.
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When we see something that appears yellow, which of the following cone photoreceptors types are activated?
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Green/Red
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding rods and cones?
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RODS:
Dim lighting
Mostly in Retina
~100-120 million
Scotopic vision
more sensitive to light than cones
CONES:
Bright light
colors
mostly in fovea
~8 million
3 types: blue (short), green (medium), red(long)
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(T/F) Humans are less sensitive to 430 nm compared to 560 nm light, which is why 560 nm light is more damaging to the retina than 430 nm light.
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FALSE
-shorter wavelengths are more damaging
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The blind spot in the retina corresponds to which of the following?
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The optic disk. It is where the optic nerve leaves the retina and where there are no photoreceptors in that area.
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What is the function of the cGMP in the photo-transduction cascade?
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Holds open ion channels and depolarizes cell
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(T/F) If someone is injured in an accident and loses one of their eyes, they will still have cortical representation of the left and right visual fields (i.e. they will still be able to see left and right of the center of where they are looking with their "good" eye.
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TRUE
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(T/F) If you combine light of the colors of the visible spectrum, the result is the perception of white.
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TRUE
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In the correct order, starting with "activation of phosphodiesterase" what are the next 2 steps in the photo-transduction cascade?
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Destroys cGMP
Hyper-polarization of cell
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(T/F) During visual transduction, all trans-retinal is converted to 11-cis-retinal. During dark adaptation, the process is reversed.
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FALSE; In visual, it goes from 11-cis to all trans.
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As light enters the eye, it will encounter the following structures (in the correct order)
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Cornea-> Aqueous humor-> Lens-> Vitreous humor-> Retina
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Which of the following is true about the visual system?
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...
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Visible light includes electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 600.
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TRUE. Visible light spectrum is from 400-700.
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The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of the:
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Pupil
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Rods in the retina
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Are scotopic, dimly lit, packed (~120 million) in retina.
~10,000 times more sensitive to light than cones.
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A unique feature of the retinal circuitry is that
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Light must pass through the circuitry in order to stimulate the photoreceptors.
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Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consist of
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an opsin and a retina (chromophore)
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Which pair below is a correct match between a visual system and visual function?
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Magnocellular visual system; sensitivity to movement
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A column of neurons that lie within the blob region of striate cortex modules can be selectively destroyed by an Intracolumn injection of a neurotoxin. You would expect that _____ would be profoundly impaired by this toxin.
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Orientation Sensitivity
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The organ that contains the auditory hair cells ______ and resides in the structure called the _____.
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1. Organ of Corti
2. Cochlea
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The 2 muscles connected to the auditory ossicles that work to reduce sound pressure, and therefore damage, are called the ____ and _____.
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1. Stapedius
2. Tensor tympani
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If the tectorial membrane exerts downward force on the stereo-cilia of an auditory hair cell it will cause the ______, and will ultimately lead to _______ being released from the cell.
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1. Cilia to bend and depolarize
2. glutamate
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According to place theory, high frequencies are located near the apex of the choclea, while low frequencies are located at the base.
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FALSE
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The auditory ossicle that is in contact with the cochlea is called the _____. This junction is where sound waves _______________________.
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1. Stirrup
2. Are transmitted to the inner ear
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The amplitude of a sound wave corresponds to the percept of _____, whereas the frequency corresponds to _____.
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1. Loudness
2. Pitch
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Which of the following sequences lists the parts of the human ear in the order in which sound waves travel through them from the environment?
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pinna-> auitory canal-> tympanic membrane-> hammer-> anvil-> stirrup-> cochlea-> basilar membrane
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A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in:
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Total impairment of hearing
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The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ______ can be displayed in a ______ map.
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1. Frequencies
2. Tonotopic
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Identify the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain:
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auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei-> superior olivary nuclei-> inferior colliculus-> meidal geniculate-> auditory cortex
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The spherical regions (structures) on the olfactory bulb where the olfactory receptor neurons converge and synapse are called the ______.
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Glomeruli
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Recent studies indicate that humans may possess as many as ______ different olfactory receptor genes.
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300-350
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The vomeronasal organ of lower species detects chemicals called ______, which are involved _______.
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1. pheromones
2. attracting mates; affects behavior of another
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Humans are very proficient at identifying smells of substances
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FALSE. They are proficient at distinguishing between substances (e.g. can distinguish gasoline from an apple but cannot usually identify)
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Olfactory receptors are located in the:
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Olfactory Mucosa BUT on the cilia
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"Shape theory" is the idea that:
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Odorants bind to multiple receptor types which activates multiple glomeruli.
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Neuronal signals for smell travel on which cranial nerve(s).
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Olfactory nerve
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Taste receptors that respond most to hydrogen ions are maximally responsive to:
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SOUR
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2 types of taste receptors activate enzymes that effect cAMP, however, the ______ receptor works by destroying cAMP while, the _____ receptor activates cAMP.
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1. Bitter
2. Sweet
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Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of:
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Salts
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Which type of lingual papillae lack taste buds?
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Filiform
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Gustatory adaptation works by exhausting a specific type of taste receptor (e.g. bitter) and can result in not being able to taste that substance for a time.
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TRUE, but the other taste senses may be heightened.
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Cranial nerve 8 carries fibers for which sense(s).
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Sound and balance from the inner ear to the brain.
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Tigers and other cats are unable to sense which of the following taste qualities?
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Sweetness
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The taste known as ______ allows us to detect glutamate in proteins.
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Umami
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