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PSYC 4130: Exam 2
The resting potential of a neuron is:
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-70 millivolts
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The resting potential of a photoreceptor (i.e. not detecting light) is:
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-40 millivolts
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Which of the primary types of cells in the striate (visual) cortex are responsive to both orientation and movement, but not length/ size?
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complex
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If a patient has damaged their left lateral geniculate nucleus, the following would be a symptom that they might experience -
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They would have visual disturbance in their right visual field
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One of the effects that alcohol has on the nervous system is:
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it inhibits the NMDA receptor
Creates excess GABA inhibiting glutamatory functioning. This is evident in the Cerebellum where inhibitory processes impair motor coordination.
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The following are brain areas involved in the reward pathway EXCEPT
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*the answer on the exam will be “all of the above are correct”, but brain areas involved in the reward pathway include all of the following: medial forebrain bundle, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, striatum
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All of the following are opponent colors in the visual system EXCEPT:
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*the answer on the exam will be “red and yellow”, but the following are opponent colors: red and green, blue and yellow, black and white
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Consider the figure to the right, one line appears longer because ________.
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our visual system always takes 2D retinal images and converts them to 3D
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You stare at a very high spatial frequency grating (i.e. very finely spaced black-and-white lines) for a full minute. You then look up and attempt to read an eye chart that is 50 feet away. Based on spatial frequency adaptation, what do you think will happen?
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Your vision will be worse than normal, then gradually recover
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Substance P is a(n) _____, involved in _______.
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neurotransmitter
pain perception
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With respect to regular drug use, context (i.e. location/time) counts because___
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the body prepares for the drug when placed in certain contexts, it goes so far as to alter brain chemistry in order to prepare for the rush of dopamine for example. If not used in the same context, the body may not prepare for the influx and result in overdose____.
*the answer on the exam will be “both B and C” but contexts counts because the body does not anticipate the drug, and does not compensate, and if not in the same context, an overdose can occur
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All of the following are catecholamines except________.
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serotonin
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An SSRI drug increases the amount of serotonin in the synapse by blocking ________, whereas an MAOI increases the amount of neurotransmitter (NT) in the synapse by _______.
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reuptake
inhibition of enzymes_
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When a neuron is at rest, there is a greater concentration of __________ outside the cell, relative to the inside.
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Na+, Cl- (sodium)
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____ Pharmacokinetics is the study of the ways in which a drug affects the living organism, and its effects on the organs of the body.
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FALSE
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Excess sodium that leaks into the cell is expelled by the_____ which is primarily active when the neuron is _______.
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sodium-potassium pump
hyperpolarized
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The depolarization of the neuron generating an action potential is due to the inflow of :
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Sodium Ions
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Why is methamphetamine so addictive?
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over time, meth depletes brain stores of dopamine, requiring increased use. It also decreases the number of receptors available for dopamine to travel to and requires constant stimulation when receptors become insufficient.
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___ Neural activity is the basis for all behavior, and therefore neural inhibition and behavioral inhibition are synonymous.
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FALSE
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The intensity of a stimulus is reflected in the _______
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rate of neural firing
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The half-life of a drug is ______
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the time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body
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Which route of drug administration has the fastest effect on behavior?
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intravenous
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Saltatory conduction requires the presence of _____
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A Myelin Sheath
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The presence of Calcium ions in the terminal button of a neuron facilitates release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
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TRUE
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If a single neuron receives an IPSP that results in a post synaptic potential of -75 mV, then receives an EPSP resulting in a post synaptic potential of -65 mV, followed by a second EPSP resulting in a post synaptic potential of -50 mV, does the neuron fire?
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Yes it has reached action potential and will depolarize. - “yes, the neuron fires one action potential”
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When we see something that appears yellow, which of the following cone photoreceptor types is activated?
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middle- and long-wavelength sensitive cones
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding rods and cones?
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True:
Rods are found in the focal point, no cones are found there
Cones are dense further away from the focal point on the retina
They are bipolar cells
*the answer on the exam “cones are more sensitive than rods”
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Humans are less sensitive to 430 nm compared to 560 nm light, which is why 560 nm light is more damaging to the retina than 430 nm light.
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FALSE
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The “blind spot” in the retina corresponds to which of the following?
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Optic disk
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What is the function of cGMP in the phototransduction cascade?
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It holds Na+ channels open
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If you combine all of the colors of the visible spectrum, the result is the perception of white.
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TRUE
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An intense stiumulus will cause a neuron to fire more often than a weak stimulus
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TRUE
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Cocaine, Caffeine, and nicotine all have effects glutamatergic receptors.
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TRUE
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A decrease in the effects of a drug due to repeated use is called _______
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tolerance
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If someone is injured in an accident and loses one of their eyes, they will still have cortical representation of the left and right visual fields (i.e. they will still be able to see left and right of the center of where they are looking with their “good” eye)?
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TRUE
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Adrenergic transmission involves the neurotransmitter _____
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Epinipherine
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A drug that affects mental functioning is said to be ________
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psychoactive
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Opioids are produced in the body and produce analgesic effects. Twoexogenousdrugs that act on this system are _________ and _________.
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heroin
morphine_
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In the correct order, starting with “activation of phosphdiesterase” what are the next 2 steps in the phototransduction cascade.
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cyclic GMP is destroyed, hyperpolarization of the cell
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During visual transduction, all-trans-retinal is converted to 11-cis-retinal. During dark adaptation, the process is reversed.
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FALSE
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Agonist drugs can act by ____________
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increase neurotransmitter synthesis
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_____ acetylcholine receptors are found primarily in the PNS at neuromuscular junctions, whereas ______ acetylcholine receptors are found primarily in the CNS.
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nicotonic
muscarinic
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Enzymatic degradation of acetylcholine is carried out by_______
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acetylcholinesterase
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Hallucinogens work by having most of their effect on the ________ system
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serotinin
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The following are 3 ways in which the action of a neurotransmitter can be terminated after it is released.
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degradation, reuptake, diffusion
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As light enters the eye, it will encounter the following structures (in the correct order)
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*answer on the exam is “all of the above” but light encounters all of the following structure: cornea, lens, retina, humor, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor
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When a neuron is at resting potential electrostatic pressure _____
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causes sodium ions to enter the neuron
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Ionotropic receptors _______ ,whereas, metabotropic receptors________.
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*answer on the exam is none of the above
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Which of the following is true about the visual system:
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*answer on the exam is “both A and B” which is A. photoreceptors are depolarized at rest, and B. glutamate is inhibitory
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_____ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action.
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affinity
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A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.
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antagonist
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A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.
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antagonist
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A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually
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reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
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The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are
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glutamate; GABA
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Which of the following is an incorrect match between a neurotransmitter and its effects?
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*this is the question that she gave us credit for after grading, all of the responses are correct
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_____ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.
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acteylcholine
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An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is
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rapid and short in duration
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A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to
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increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine
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The excitatory effects of caffeine result from
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blockade of adenosine recptors, inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Drugs such as morphine and heroin are classified as
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opiate drugs
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Alcohol withdrawal can lead to seizures because of the effect of alcohol on
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blocking NMDA receptors
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Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat
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depression
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Which of the pairs below are synonymous? (think neurotransmitters)
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epinephrine and adrenaline
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A person who eats cheese while taking a(n) ________ may suffer a fatal increase in blood pressure.
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monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug
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Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with
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schizophrenia and Parkinson’s
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Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of
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dopamine
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The drug _______ blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
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cocaine
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A person who is compelled to continue drug taking, despite adverse consequences, is said to suffer from
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addiction
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The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates to the
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release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
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The drug ________ is useful for the treatment of opiate overdose
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naloxone
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The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)
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was developed originally as a surgical anesthetic
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