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HIST 2111: Final Exam
Constitution
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-War, treaties, raise armies, taxes, coin money, regulate commerce between states, regulate imports NOT exports, set up post offices, set up judiciary system (supreme court)
-Supreme law of the land
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Constitutional Convention
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-Philadelphia 1787
-New document in secret... How to make it official???
-Decided that it should be ratified in each of the states. If 9 agree, it'll go into effect. There were special conventions in each state. The state legislators didn't vote on it.
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Federalists
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-People who want the constitution
-Want a nation
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Anti-Federalists
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Don't want a constitution
Want more state rights
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Bill of Rights
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Added to the constitution so that it would be passed at the state conventions
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Great Awakening
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-Protestant religious revival in colonial America
-Powerful in N than S
-A lot of people want to bring gospel and save everyone
-Baptists and evangelicals, interracial denominations
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Evangelicals
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1750's
Go to the south
Don't care about skin color
Want to save everyone
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Baptists
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1750's-60's
interracial
no "respectable" people
preacher doesn't get paid
black and white preachers
equality
Part of the evangelical movement
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Quok Walker
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-Under MA constitution, says slavery is illegal because "all men are created equal" under constitution
-He goes to courts
-1781, slavery is unconstitutional in MA
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Gradual Abolition
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Most Northern states
-Slaves born afte a certain date would be freed at a certain age
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Democratization of American Christianity
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-Common people want religions that speak to them that DON"T emphasize power/education level. More emotional/grassroots
-Leads to Baptists and Methodists
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The new government
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1788
1st capital: NYC
No one is really sure what the US gov't is supposed to be
1st president is Washington
Puts together a cabinet
-sec of treasury: Alexander hamilton
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Alexander Hamilton
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Secretary of treasury
-Wants to use the gov't to make US a superpower like Britain
-Looks at problem of debt
-US broke and owes money
- Wants to borrow money to pay debts to show that US is responsible
-Get wealthy people to invest to get out of debt and they'll want US to survive
-people buy bonds
-US sets up efficient tax collection
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National bank
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-Reliable source to raise money
-Where US gov't puts its revenue
-To borrow, you get a banknote
-Private corporation
-Charter from US gov't for 20 years
-Congress doesn't like it because:
1. It's enormous and powerful bc it's set up by the wealthy
2. It doesn't say in constitution about a nat'l bank
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Necessary and Proper Clause
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-Hamilton invoked the first of this clause.
-US can regulate money supply therefore congress can have the bank. It's an implied power.
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Hamilton rumors
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1791-1792
Rumors from political opponents saying that Hamilton wants US to be a monarch and that he'll destroy the republic.
These rumors lead to the first political party, the democratic party
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Democratic Party
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1794
-To stop Hamilton from turning US into monarchy
-Pro French, anti English
-Common people
-Anti powerful central gov't
-Mostly in south
-Madison and Jefferson
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Federalist Party |
1794
-Not same as people who wanted constitution
-Anti French and Pro English
-Elites
-Pro Hamilton
-Want a powerful central gov't
-North and Seaports
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French Revolution
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1789, French king has to share power with people. At first Americans are in favor of this. The common people are taking over and want to overthrow the monarchy
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Reign of Terror
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1792
Guillotine
blood bath in France
1792, Declare war on ALL monarchies. This means France declared war on England
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Marie Antoinette
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1793, Queen of France has head cut off in Reign of Terror
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The 2 reactions/groups to the French Revolution
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1. Democratic party: This is great. Getting rid of aristocrats/monarchs. Pro French Revolution. Power to people.
2. Federalists: French rev. not working. shows that republics are disaster. anarchy
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John Adams
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1796, Washington's VP
elected after Washington didn't run again
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XYZ Affair
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-French government officials tried to get bribes from the US
-Leads to anti French sentiment which hurts the Democrats
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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1798
Alien: Makes it hard for immigrants to become citizens and easier to kick out.
Sedition: All speech criticizing US is illegal
-Backfires and makes the federalists look stupid
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
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-Say states are final deciders of what's constitutional
-Made by Madison and Jefferson
-Undermines Constitution
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Jefferson
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-Doesn't trust Hamilton
-wants a nation of farmers
-wants to dissolve/diffuse power so it's not concentrated
-tried to shut down a lot of federal gov't
-slashes spending (shrink military, cut programs, no embassy)
-Louisiana Purchase
-1804, gets re-elected
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Louisiana purchase
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-Territory from LA up to the MS river to rocky mountains
-France sells this at a low price
-Makes US 2x the size and gets them closer to the pacific ocean
-More room for farmers
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Election of 1808
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Madison wins
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Madison
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-Democrat
-people pressure him for war against England
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War of 1812
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-US wants land in Canada from England
-British ships have no respect for US
-Want to defeat England again to prove new generation of politicians is just as good as the revolutionary ones
-Brits dont take them seriously. Bc of this, the best brit troops are fighting Napolean/France
-unpopular war
-Key battles: tippecanoe, horseshoe bend, new orleans
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Treaty of Ghent
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December 1814
Ends War of 1812
Things go back to the way they were before
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Hartford Convention
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The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814-1815 in the United States in which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812.
-Some in New England want to break away from the US
-They come up with demands to end the War of 1812
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Andrew Jackson
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-Gets order from president to march an army to New Orleans
-Goes through AL and defeats the Indians there
-Battle of New Orleans
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Battle of New Orleans
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-1815
-Americans beat the British
-turns war of 1812 into a victory
-morale booster
-destroys the federalists as a party because they were at the hartford convention
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4 causes to the War of 1812 |
1. Britain violates US maritime rights.
-Blockade=economic warfare
-Impressment
2. Anglo-US-Indian tensions on frontier
-Britain doesn't evacuate forts stipulated in 1783 of Paris
3. US territorial ambitions
-Conquer Canada: farmland and end Brit influence
4. Uphold prestige of republic
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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Nov 1811
indiana
WH Harrison defeats Tecumseh's Native americans
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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March 1814
AL
Andrew Jackson defeats Red Stick Creeks
-9 August 1814, Treaty --> US gains 23 million acres in AL and GA
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Battle of New Orleans |
-1815
-Americans beat the British
-turns war of 1812 into a victory
-morale booster
-destroys the federalists as a party because they were at the hartford convention
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Consequences of War of 1812
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1. rise of nationalism: established independence 2x
2. Broke NA power in northwest and southwest: bolster with expansion
3. Fall of federalists: because of Hartford convention and they threatened secession
4. ironically stimulates US manufacturing
5. enhance international relations
6. propels A. Jackson and Harrison to national prominence
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The Market Revolution
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The Market Revolution (1793-1909) in the United States was a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in the South (and soon moving to the North) and later spreading to the entire world.
-Lots of diff revolutions:
financial, consumer, transportation, agricultural, industrial, applied science, urban
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Financial Revolution
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-Capital markets: place to go to buy stocks and bonds
-State banks:
-banks chartered by states
- easy for people to borrow money
-"sketchy" and not reliable
-risky bc it creates imaginary money
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Consumer revolution
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-increasing desire among people to get factory produced goods
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Transportation revolution
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-difficult and expensive to move things
-rapid speed up in ways to transport things:
-better waterways/canals (Erie Canal)
-better roads
-steam powered transportation (commercial steamboats)
-trains (1830's)
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Erie Canal
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From Lake Erie to Hudson River. Completed in 1826. Links Midwest to Northeast. Leads to the development of NYC
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Agricultural Revolution
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-Regions start to specialize
-Apply machinery to agriculture
-Cotton Gin (cheap processing of cotton. Revolutionizes south)
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Industrial Revolution
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-Reorganization of the work place
-before, everything was handmade in small workshops
-then, make for a market not individuals
-shoes for slave market
-division of labor: break up process into ind. parts.
-makes it cheaper
-workers paid less
-bigger business for owner
-creates factories with machinery
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Urban Revolution
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-leads to growth of cities
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Communication revolution
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-1820's, new ways of printing
-printing/newspaper/books become a lot cheaper
-applied science --> applying science to inventions (leads to telegraph)
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2nd Great Awakening
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-expansion of evangelical christianity
-people concerned about sin
-world is getting close to the millennium (when Christianity will rule everything)
-temperance movement
-prison reform
-mental hospitals reform
-slavery reform
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temperance movement
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-attempt to go completely alcohol free in 1820s
-says drinking is a sin
-sweeps across US
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William Garrison
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1831
Has a lot of black friends in MA. He thinks whites are wrong about sending free blacks back to Africa.
Says biggest sin is slavery
Wants immediate abolition
Starts a newspaper called The Liberator to encourage abolition
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Seneca Falls Conference
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1847, first women's convention
Women begin to speak out against slavery but society looks down on them so this leads to the women's movement. they question patriarchy
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More consequences of War of 1812
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-MS and AL fill up rapidly and become states. They have huge industrial farms: COTTON KINGS
-high demand for cotton=good for US economy
-Cotton Kings leads to dependency on slaves
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Inter-state slave trade
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-What's generating the economy
-in chains, marched in the South and sold for a lot of money
-valuable bc of cotton
-All of US benefits from cotton bc of cotton factories in the north and Northern boats take southern cotton to England
-slaves were controversial in the North
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Missouri Compromise |
The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
-Missouri comes in as slave state but Maine is admitted as a non slave state. Drew line at Missouri and said that slavery couldn't be above the line. This was to make sure slavery stays in South
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Democratic Party
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-Federalists migrate to this party
-More of a federalist agenda
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New US Bank
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1816, the charter for the first bank of the US dies out. A new bank of the US comes about for a 20 year charter
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Election of 1824
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-Up until 1824, there was an orderly transition of presidents but this election was not clear
-7 democrats running
-Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams were experienced
-Jackson was not experienced.
-Jackson has plurality but Adams becomes president
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Andrew Jackson (as presidential nominee)
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-No defined principles
-voice of America/common man
-Not taken seriously
-Not much experience
-wins election of 1828
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John Quincy Adams
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-He was a federalist that went into the democratic party
-as president, outlines a federalist program
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Election of 1828
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-Jackson vs. Adams where Jackson wins
-This starts the Era of the Common Man
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Martin Van Buren
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-Jackson's advisor
-thinks political parties are great
-organizes the democratic party into Jackson's political party
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Era of the Common Man
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-politics of Jackson
-ordinary people are represented
-inaugural party: huge parade of ordinary people think they're invited to the white house but they're not
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Andrew Jackson (as president)
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-Indian Removal
-Intense racism
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Indian Removal Act
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1830
-Jackson says that Indians shouldn't be in the same area as whites
-He puts them West of the Mississippi River
-A lot of people in congress disagreed
-the states got treaties to remove the indians
-leads to trail of tears
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Trail of Tears
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1837
Indians marched out
many die along the way
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Nullification Crisis
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The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification.
-Sparked because SC doesn't like the Tariff of 1828 so they issue a doctrine of nullification.
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Tariff of 1828
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AKA Tariff of Abomination
-Raises duties on imported manufactured goods for benefit of factories in Pennsylvania
-The S is angry bc only the N is benefitting
-Causes SC to issue the doctrine of nullification
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Doctrine of Nullification
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-An argument about who makes final interpretation of constitution
-SC wants final say over the federal gov't
-If a state thinks something is unconstitutional, it can leave the US
-In 1832, SC announces that if the tariff of 1828 isn't repealed by Feb 1, 1832, they'll nullify it and it won't apply in SC
-Jackson is furious about this and wants a force bill
-No other state agreed with doctrine
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Force Bill
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-Jackson wants this because he's furious about SC and their doctrine of nullification
-this allows the US to enforce tariff with army
-souther states don't like this
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Compromise in the Nullification Crisis
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1833
-New tariff which is better for the South
-Pass the force bill
-SC has a tenuous relationship with US. They're not sure if they should stay in the US
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The Bank Crisis
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-Jackson vs. bank of US
-Jackson is uncomfortable with the financial revolution and doesn't like credit. He only sees money as gold and silver
-He hates the 2nd US bank because:
-It's concentrated power and common people have no control
- Power over the state banks
-Regulates US economy
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Bank Veto Statement
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1832, 2nd bank of US rechartered but Jackson vetoes it
-Reasons to veto:
1. It's unconstitutional
2. It represents concentrated aristocratic power. It's not good for
the common man.
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King Andy I
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-People think Jackson is acting like a tyrant because he vetoed the US bank
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Election of 1832
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-Jackson wins again
VP: Van Buren
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Specie Circular
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1836
It says all western land must be paid with gold and silver.
2 results:
-Makes people nervous about state banks
-The gold and silver disappear from the banks. This weakens the
bank
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Election of 1836
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-Van Buren, a democrat, becomes president
-He was against the whigs
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Whigs |
-thinks central gov't can have a role in handling the economy
(and roads, national bank, harbors, etc.)
-Gov't should play a role in your lives
-More likely to think gov't should do something about slaves
-Opposed to Indian Removal Act
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Democrats
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-Don't want gov't to get in the way
-Want to make a great republic (with a lot of land) for ordinary white people
-Van Buren
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The first depression
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1837-1842
-UK banks want US banks to pay them back
-US banks get penalties because US businesses can't pay. Then, depositors pull out of banks and the banks collapse
-Van Buren doesn't do anything about this because he's a democrat. He believes that the gov't shouldn't get involved with that
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Election of 1840
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-A whig wins: William Harrison
-He dies soon after and his VP, John Tyler, becomes president
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John Tyler
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-Harrison's VP who then becomes president
-From VA
-Claims to be a whig but doesn't seem like it at all; he doesn't like most of the whigs agenda
-Believes in states rights
-Wants a lot of land for white men
-Wants Texas to be in the US
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Texas
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-Province of Mexico
-Americans come swarming into Texas
-1836, more white people than Mexicans
-Mexican government is corrupt and they outlawed slavery
-Texas War of Independence
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Texas War of Independence
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1836
Texas becomes independent country but Mexico does not recognize them as independent
-Some want to join the US and others want to grow and remain an independent country
-Tyler wants TX in US
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John Calhoun
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-Secretary of state under Tyler
-Signs a treaty with Texas (Treaty of Annexation) and includes a letter to Great Britain that slavery is wonderful. The senate votes down his treaty.
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Election of 1844
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-The big issue: Annexation of TX
-Dem (James Polk) vs. Whigs (Henry Clay)
-Plus the liberty party
-Polk wins
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James Polk
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-Democrat
-Bases campaign on Manifest Destiny: America is the greatest country because it's an empire for the common man. Therefore, God wants America to have as much land as it can get
-He wants the Oregon territory and Texas as part of the US
-wins election
-Causes US to expand a lot
-Works with Tyler to add TX with the TX Bill
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Henry Clay
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-Whigs
-At first, he says he doesn't want to annex TX but then he ays he does
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Liberty Party
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-Northern
-Anti slavery party
-Takes votes away from Clay so Polk wins
-This is a warning that the N is very against slavery
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Texas Bill
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Jan 1845
-Used to annex TX
-Back then, you were supposed to use a treaty not a bill for annexation. That's why some people claim TX isn't part of the US
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Mexican War
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-April 1846, Congress declares war on Mexico
-Mexico not cooperating with US about selling CA and NM so US sends army but Mexico shoots first
-US captures GA and NM but still pays 15 mil
-Controversial. Whigs unhappy because they said they should fight for honor not land. Northern Democrats mad because Polk split Oregon (slave free) but goes to war for CA and NM (which could have slaves)
-Ends in 1848
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Slave Power Conspiracy
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Plot by the S to make US a slave nation
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Free Soil
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-Conviction that slavery is bad for a republic
-Doesn't mean you're not racist
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David Wilmot
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1846
Proposes the Wilmot Proviso. This says there'll be no slavery in territory gotten from Mexico. He's a racist and doesn't want blacks in the US.
-Proviso gets everyone mad and raises tension
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Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
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-Ends the Mexican War
-1848
-Gives the US the southwest from TX to CA
-US pays 15 mil
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Election of 1848 |
-Democrat vs. whigs
-Democrat strategy = popular sovereignty (let people in territories decide if they want slavery of not)
-Taylor = whig.
-Refuses to say what he'll do but still wins election
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California Gold Rush
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1849
Brought enough people in to make it a state
they dont want slavery
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Compromise of 1850
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The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five bills, passed in September 1850, which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
-TX gets some of NM
-CA comes in as free state
-NM= territory, not a state
-New fugitive slave law
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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
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-States are required to return slaves who escape
-BUT if a slave ran to the N, it was hard to get him back
-S resents this bc they say the N is going against their promise
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New Fugitive Slave Law
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-takes away rights of all blacks in the N bc any of them could be accused to be runaway slaves
-Requires every adult male in the north help get slaves back to the south
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Outcomes of slave laws:
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-pushes violence in the north
-christiana riot
-slaves escaping to Canada
-kills the whig party (the s says they're too soft on slavery. the n doesnt like the fugitive slave law)
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Christiana Riot
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1851
-An example of how violence was pushed into the N because of the slave laws
-the local residents defended with firearms a fugitive slave, killing the slaveowner. Southerners demanded the hanging of those responsible, who were accused of treason and making war on the United States, but after the first defendant, a Quaker, was acquitted, the government dropped the case. The trial was the first nationally-covered challenge to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
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Stephen Douglas
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-Democrat powerful senator
-Wants IL to become prosperous so he wants it to be the endpoint to a railroad but the track will have to go through land that hasn't been made into territories (Kansas and Nebraska)
-Proposes the Kansas Nebraska Bill
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Kansas Nebraska bill |
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory.
-Creates the states and allows for the people to decide if it has slaves or not
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Republican party
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Formed in 1854
Don't want slavery to expand
free soil
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Violence in 1856
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1. Lawrence Kansas --> set up own illegal gov't so the S comes in and burns Lawrence (Sack of Lawrence)
2. floor of senate--> A man from SC kills Charles Sumner (hates slavery and gives anti slave speech) with cane
3. Pottawatamoie Massacre--> John Brown kills pro-slave epople in a cabin. This leads to Bloody Kansas, where Kansas goes into war and kills 200 people.
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1856 election
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-Democrat (Buchanan) vs. Republicans
-Republicans: dont want slavery to spread but not gonna outlaw it where it already exists
-Democrats: They say that if you vote for republicans, the US will fall apart and the races will be equal. They dont want racial equality.
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Dred Scott Case
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Dred Scott v. Sandford, , also known as the Dred Scott Decision, was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution.
-Said slavery was constitutional in all territories
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John Brown's Raid in Harper's Ferry
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-He wants a slave uprising but was quickly captured
-It was a military failure but a symbolic success
-Because of this, a panic breaks out in the S which leads to a lot of innocent deaths and rumors about slave conspiracies
-A lot of Northerners condemned it but Brown also made a lot of them feel guilty
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Confederate States of America
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formed in 1861 to protect slavery
lower south
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Fort Sumter
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1861
Confederacy fires on Fort Sumter
First battle of Civil War
Bc of this, North supports war but upper south has to decide which side to join. Some slave states joined the union
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Emancipation Proclamation
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1863
Issued by Lincoln
It states that all slaves in confederate states are free
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Battle of Atlanta
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1864
Atlanta, the heart of the S, is captured by the US.
Because of this, everyone knows US will win
And the 14th amendment is passed outlawing slavery
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