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SOCI 1101: Test 2
socialization
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the process of social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society
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personality
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the patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are distinctive for each individual
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social attachments
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meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds with others
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attachment disorder
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unable to trust people and to form relationships with others
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social identity
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total of all the statuses that define an individual
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self
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changing yet enduring personal identity
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looking glass self
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the three stage process through which each of us develops a sense of self
1. imagine how our actions appear to others
2. imagine how other people judge these actions
3. make some sort of self judgement based on the presumed judgments of others
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I
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portion of the self that wishes to have free expression, to be active, and spontaneous
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me
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portion of the self is made up of those things learned through the socialization process from family, peers, school, and so on
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significant others
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those individuals who are most important in our development, such as parents, friends, and teachers
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generalized others
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the viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations of society as whole or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are important to us
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peers
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individuals who are social equals
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adult socialization
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process by which adults learn new statuses and roles
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resocialization
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exposure to ideas or values that in one way or another conflict with what was learned in childhood
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total institutions
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environments such as prisons or mental hospitals in which the participants are physically and socially isolated from the outside world
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social group
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a number of people who have a common identity, some feeling of unity, and certain common goals and shared norms
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social aggregate
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people who temporarily happen to be in physical proximity to each other but share little else
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primary group
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interaction among members who have an emotional investment in one another and in a situation, who know one another intimately, and who interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles
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secondary group
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characterized by less intimacy among its members. it usually has specific goals, is formally organized, and is impersonal
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leader
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someone who occupies a central role or position of dominance and influence in a group
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instrumental leadership
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a leader actively proposes tasks and plans to guide the group toward achieving its goals
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expressive leadership
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a leader works to keep relations among group members harmonious and morale high
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reference group
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a group or social category that an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and values and to guide behavior
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small group
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many kinds of social groups, such as families, peer groups, and work groups, that actually meet together and contain few enough members so that all members know one another
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dyad
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contains only 2 members
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triad
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the addition of a third member to a group
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gemeinschaft
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relationships that are intimate, cooperative, and personal
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gesellschaft
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relationships that are impersonal and independent
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bureaucracy
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a formal, rationally organized social structure with clearly defined patterns of activity in which, ideally, every series of actions is functionally related to the purposes of the organization
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ideal type
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a simplified, exaggerated model of reality used to illustrate a concept
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moral code
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the symbolic system in terms of which behavior takes on the quality of being good or bad, right or wrong
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deviant behavior
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behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in question
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external means of control
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other people's responses to a person's behavior- that is, rewards and punishments
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sanctions
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rewards and penalties that a group's members use to regulate an individual's behavior
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positive sanctions
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actions that encourage the individual to continue acting in a certain way
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negative sanctions
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actions that discourage the repetition or continuation of the behavior
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formal sanctions
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applied in a public ritual, as in the awarding of a prize or an announcement of expulsion, and are usually under direct or indirect control of authorities
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informal sanctions
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actions by group members that arise spontaneously with little or no formal direction
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informal positive sanctions
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displays people use spontaneously to express their approval of another's behavior
ex- smiles, pats on the back, hand shake
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informal negative sanctions
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spontaneous displays of disapproval or displeasure
ex- frowns, damaging gossip
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formal positive sanctions
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public affairs, rituals, or ceremonies that express social approval of a person's behavior
ex- awards of money, banquets
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formal negative sanctions
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actions that express institutionalized disapproval of a person's behavior
ex- expulsion, fines, imprisonment
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anomie
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condition of normlessness in which values and norms have little impact and the culture no longer provides adequate guidelines for behavior
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innovators
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accept the culturally validated goal of success but find deviant ways of going about reaching it
ex- bank robbers, con artists, embezzlers
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ritualists
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individuals who reject or deemphasize the importance of success once they realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following and enforcing rules more precisely than was ever intended
ex- refuse to take risks that might jeopardize their job status
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rebels
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reject both the goals of what to them is an unfair social order and the institutionalized means of achieving them
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techniques of neutralization
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a process that enables us to justify illegal or deviant behavior
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labeling theory
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the focus shifts from the deviant individual to the social process by which a person comes to be labeled as deviant and the consequences of such labeling for the individual
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primary deviance
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the original behavior that leads to the application of the label of deviant to an individual
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secondary deviance
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behavior people develop as a result of having been labeled as deviant
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consensus approach
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assumes that laws are merely a formal version of the norms and values of the people
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conflict approach
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law assumes that the elite use their power to enact and enforce laws that support their own economic interests and go against the interests of the lower classes
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violent crime
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an unlawful event such as homicide, rape, and assault that can result in injury to a person
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property crime
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an unlawful act that is committed with the intent of gaining property but that does not involve the use or threat of force against an individual
ex- larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft
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felonies
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offenses punishable by a year or more in state prison
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white collar crime
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acts of individuals who, while occupying positions of social responsibility or high prestige, break the law in the course of their work for the purpose of illegal personal or organizational gain
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victimless crimes
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acts that violate the laws meant to enforce the moral code
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primary socialization
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individuals have mastered the basic information and skills required of members of a society
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agents of socialization |
those who pass on social expectations and thus impart socialization
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spurious relationship
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a relationship between two variables that is induced by some other factor
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mediator
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a variable in the middle of a causal chain
X---->A---->Y
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mixtures
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primary ties within secondary groups
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attribution
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an assessment of the motives and capabilities of others
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attribution theory
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explores links between attributions and group membership
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informal organization
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norms within an organization that are not officially prescribed and often at odds with official policies
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intrinsic rewards
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do something to benefit ourself
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extrinsic rewards
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doing something for the end goal
ex- getting a paycheck
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formal deviance
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breaking laws or official rules
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informal deviance
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violation of customary norms (mostly folkways)
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institutionalized deviance
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deviance that can be expected, acknowledged and allowed
ex- rumspringa among the amish, underaged drinking
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crime
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behavior that violates a society's legal code
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quid pro quo harassment
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a superior demands sex as a job condition or promises work related benefits in exchange for sex
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hostile work environment harassment
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a pattern of sexual language, lewd pinups or unwelcomed sexual advances makes a worker so uncomfortable that it is difficult for her or him to do the job
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