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SOCI 1101: Test 1
Sociology
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study of human society
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Sociological Imagination
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ability to see the connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history
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Social Institution
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complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time.q
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Social positions
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set of stories we tell ourselves
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social relations
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a network of ties
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social role
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grand narrative that unifies the these stories within the network
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Auguste Comte
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one of the first sociologists he applied scientific rules to human sciences
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Three events that gave birth to sociology
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Industrialism(change the nature of work from agrarianism)
Urbanization(move from rural areas to urban areas to find work)
Individualism(emphasis on "wage labor" makes people more individualistic)
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Harriet Martineau
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English social theorist to first translate Comtes work into English
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Sociological Perspective
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Peter Berger and his 2 principles
1. Seeing the general in the particular: identifying the general patterns of behavior in particular individuals around us
2. Seeing the strange in the familiar: familiar idea in American society is "individualism" we are taught young to look out for ourselves
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C Wright Mills
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Those experiencing Social Marginalization(those that are usually discriminated on can feel it more always than those that have never experienced it)
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Founding fathers of sociology
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Comte, Martineu, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emilie Durkheim and sometimes George Simmel
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Karl Marx
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Marxism: writings on communism and capitalism
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Max Weber
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Verstehen"sociologists approach social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in it"
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Emilie Durkeheim
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Le Suicide......Integration and regulation the more you are the less likely u are to commit suicide, and the less you are the more likely. eg: black women would have the lowest rate because they are highly integrated and regulated
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Anomie
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Too little regulation(you do not have enough rules to keep you in check) aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable.
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Positivist sociology
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a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships
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George Simmel
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Received less recognition but is gaining it because he established formal sociology which is sociology of pure numbers
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Chicago School
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focused on empirical research with the belief that people's behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments.
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W.E.B. Dubois
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Developed the concept of double consciousness
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Double Consciousness
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mechanism by which African Americans constantly maintain 2 behavioral scripts
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Functionalism
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the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running
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Conflict theory
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the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force social change and society in general
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Symbolic interactionism
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micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind peoples actions
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Postmodernism
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the notion that these shared meanings have eroded. red light might not mean stop in every society. there is no longer one version of history that is correct this is part of the symbolic interactionist theory
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Social constructions
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an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity
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Midrange Theory
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this is macrosociology or microsociology attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function
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Microsociology
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seeks to understand local interactional contexts. eg why people stare at the numbers in an elevator and are reluctant to make eye contact in this setting
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Macrosociology
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generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis across the breadth of society
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Research methods
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approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions
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Quantitative methods
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seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form
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Qualitative methods
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there are many attempts to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form
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Deductive approach
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starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observation, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
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Inductive approach
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starts with the empirical observation and then works to form a theory
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Correlation
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simultaneous variation in two variables exists between income and health
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Causality
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the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another
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Reverse causality
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a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B but B in fact is causing A
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Dependent variable
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the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain
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Independent variable
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measured factors that you believe have a casual impact on the dependent variable
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Hypothesis
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an educated guess
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Operationalization
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the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
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Validity
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the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
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Reliability
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likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure
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Generalizability
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the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied
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Placebo
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stimulated treatment given to a control group in an experimental study to factor out the effect of merely being in an experiment from the effect of the actual treatment under consideration(control group)
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Double-blind study
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an experimental study where neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is in the treatment group and who is in the control group(placebo)
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Reflexivity
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analyzing and critically considering our own role in and effect on our research
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Feminist methodology
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a set of systems that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources that promote social science
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Population
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an entire group of individual persons, objects or items from which samples are drawn
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Sample
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the subset of population from which you are actually collecting data
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case study
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an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms
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Participant observation
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a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their behavior by observing social actions in practice
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Surveys
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an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents
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Historical methods
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research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals etc that date to prior time periods under study
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Comparative methods
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methodology by which two or more entities which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them
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Experimental methods
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methods that seek to alter social landscape in very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields
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Content analysis
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A systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication such as a written work, speech, or film
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Public sociology
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the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a wide audience for a normative and productive end
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Culture
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set of beliefs, traditions, and practices, the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors, and practices that which is not natural environment around us
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of ones own
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Nonmaterial culture
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which includes values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms
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Material culture
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which is everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology
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Ideology
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a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect
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Cultural relativism
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taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value. Realizing that your way isn't the only way
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Cultural Scripts
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modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural
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subculture
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the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns if a particular group in society
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Values
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moral beliefs
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Norms
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how values tell us to behave
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Socialization
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the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
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Reflection theory
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the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere
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Media
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any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information
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Hegemony
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when a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership throughout society by winning the voluntary consent of popular masses. getting people to go along with the status quo because it seems like the best course or the natural order of things
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Consumerism
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beliefs that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions
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Culture jamming
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the act of turning media against themselves
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Ethnocentrism
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a belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of ones own
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Sample
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the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data
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Short term deliberate media effect
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Advertising. If a kid sees a box of cereal when watching morning cartoons then later goes to the store with his parents and he starts crying for the coco puffs he saw earlier
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Deliberate long term media campaign
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The smoking or meth commercials more of the Public service announcements to school people on things
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Short term unintended effects
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teenagers playing violent video games then goes out and commit crimes similar to those they saw
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long term unintended effects
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grown accustomed to seeing sexually explicit material in films, on television, and on the internet
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