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GEOG 1101: Final Exam
Agrarian
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Referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there
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Agribusiness
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a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
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Agriculture
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a science, art, and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit
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Biotechnology
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technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products, to improve plants and animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
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Commercial Agriculture
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farming primarily for sale, not direct consumption
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Conventional Farming
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approach that uses chemicals in the form of plant protectants and fertilizers, or intensive, hormone-based practices in breeding and raising animals
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Crop Rotation
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method of maintaining soil fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed
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Famine
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acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortality
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Fast Food
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edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant, and served to customers in packaged form
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Food Supply Chain
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five central and connected sectors (inputs, production, product processing, distribution, and consumption) with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces (the state, international trade, the physical environment, and credit and finance)
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Food Security
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assured access by a person, household, or even a country to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives
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Globalized Agriculture
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system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization
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G.M.O
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any organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution
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Hunting and Gathering
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activities whereby people feed themselves through killing wild animals and fish and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and other edible plants to sustain themselves
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Local Food
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food that is organically grown and produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed
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Malnutrition
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the condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function
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Mechanization
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replacement of human farm labor with machines
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Organic Farming
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farming or animal husbandry done without commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones
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Pastoralism
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subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing
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Shifting Cultivation
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system in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs
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Slow Food
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attempt to resist fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming of an ecoregion
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Urban Agriculture
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establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near and urban or city like setting
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Children's Rights
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the fundamental right of children to life, liberty, education, and health care codified in 1989 by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
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Citizenship
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a category of belonging to a nation-state that includes civil, political and social rights
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Decolonization
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the acquisition of colonized peoples of control over their own territory
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Democratic Rule
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a system in which public policies and officials are directly chosen by popular vote
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Geopolitics
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state's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations
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Global Civil Society
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set of institutions, organizations, and behaviors situated between the state, business world, and family, including voluntary and nonprofit organizations, philanthropic institutions, and social and political movements
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Human Rights
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people's individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality, considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people
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International Organization
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group that includes two or more states seeking political and/or economic cooperation with each other
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Nation
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group of people often sharing common elements of culture such as religion or language or a history or political identity
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Nation-State
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ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people governed by their own state
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Nationalism
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feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
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Self-Determination
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right of a group with a distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its own destiny, at least in part, through the control of its own territory
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Sovereignty
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exercise of state power over people and territory, recognized by other states and codified by international law
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Territory
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delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states
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Terrorism
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threat or use of force to bring about political change
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Central Place
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a settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers
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Central Place Theory
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a theory that seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior
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Centrality
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the functional dominance of cities within an urban system
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Colonial City
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a city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by colonial or imperial powers
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Counterurbanization
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the net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas
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Gateway City
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serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation
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Informal Sector
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economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulation or renumeration
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Megacity
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very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy
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Overurbanization
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condition in which cities grow more rapidly than the jobs and housing they can sustain
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Primacy
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condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second- and third-largest cities
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Rank-Size Rule
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statistical regularity in size distributions of cities and regions
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Reurbanization
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growth of population in metropolitan central cores, following a period of absolute or relative decline in population
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Shock City
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city that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life
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Squatter Settlements
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residential developments that occur on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
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Urban Ecology
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social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods
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Urban Form
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physical structure and organization of cities
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Urban System
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interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region
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Urbanism
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way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings
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