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GEOG 1101: Exam 1
Why are places interdependent?
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"Everything is related to everything."
They are connected to other places and people
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Interdependent
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-Interdependence is a relationship in which each member is mutually dependent on the others.
-Each play a specialized role in the changing networks of interaction and change
- one of most important aspects of interdependence are between geographic scales
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Human Geography
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The study of spatial organizations that deals with humans and their relationships to the environment & explains how geographical relationships are important
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The Tech Tools involved with Human Geography
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
GIS (Global Information Systems)
Cartography (map making)
Remote Sensing (satellite images of earth's surface)
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Remote Sensing
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collection of info about through satellite imagery about Earth's surface recording data on visible, infared, and microwave systems
Example: in population density; weather
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What are some examples of how physical geography affects and are affected by humans
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Agriculture Production
Food security
Population Change
human diseases
Pollution
Symbolism of Landscapes
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Longitude
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measureed in degrees, min and seconds, from prime meridians Vertical lines going from east to west (TALL; VERTICAL)
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Why Do Places Matter?
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1. instant global communication
2. rapidly changing international relationships
3. unexpected local changes
4. Growing Evidence of Environmental Degradation
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Places are like ______
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ONIONS!!!! :D Layers, it's complex with cultural ties, family roots, history, etc.
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5 Key Concepts of Spatial Analysis
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1. Location
2. Distance
3. Space
4. Accessibility
5. Spatial Interaction
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GPS
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The Global Positioning System is a space-based SATELLITE NAVIGATION system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions
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GIS
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A geographic information system is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data through computer hardware and software
-utilized to view and handle data about geographic locations and spatial correlations among others. It simply gives the user a framework to obtain information.
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Site
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physical attributes of a location (i.e soil, terrain, water sources, vegetation)
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Situation
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refers to location relative to other locations and human activities
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i.e Denver & telecommunication building. Because of Denver's Site the telecommunication satalites can "see", denver's recievers vetter and therefore because there's no double hop (makes bad image qualities) b/c the telex can "see", lots of ppl around the world can have better television
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Cognitive Images
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Mental Maps
Mental representation of what people see a location as through their direct experiences, individual ideas, representations of locations, and/or imagination
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Cognitive Distance
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What ppl perceive how long the distance is according to each situation
- the father ppl perceive the distance the less likely they are to go (friction of distance)
-based on ppl's judgements about degree of spatial separation
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Spacial Diffusion
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SPREAD!!! The way things SPREAD over space and time
- usually a reason for the spread (i.e disease is spread by physical contact or air born) (i.e Industrial Revolution)
- S- curve (slow build up, rapid spread, leveling off)
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Places are ______ constructed.
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Socially.
- places are important to the people that live there (mental maps are a product of this)
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Globalization
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the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the wordl through common processes of economic, environmental, political and cultural change
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Regional Geography
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the study of ways that the interaction between the environment and human factors create territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes
(i.e SE; oceans)
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Malthus
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ppl like sex so we keep populating. The earth has finite resources and eventually we will hit carrying capacity and we'll destroy everything
NeoMalthusians- most dominant view today; Doom's day view
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Pop. of Planet ; Current Hegemon
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7.1 Billion; USA
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The Three G's
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Gold -most dominant factor; resource extraction; all about econ
God
Glory
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The Three E's
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Economy
Environment
Equity of society
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Modern World System
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"Beginning of Globalization"
Gateway of Modern World system: Europeans coming to the americas
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The more universal the diffusion of material culture & lifestyles......
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the more valuable regional and ethnic identities become
(i.e Due to the spread of american westernism, the french have resisted americanization by banning the use of english words and subsidizing france's domestic movie industry)
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The faster the information highway takes people into cyberspace . . .
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The more they feel the need for a specific place or community that they can call their own. (i.e private master planned residential developments. unlike suburbia, each project is designed to create a sense of community and identity)
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The more transnational companies . . .
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the easier they're able to respond to place-to-place variations in markets and the econ geography has to be more often and more radically reorganized
global patters of production is constantly being reorganized b/c different countries want to react to globalization and take advantage of the geo differences
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The greater the integration of transnational governments, . . .
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the more sensitive ppl will become to wanting to distance race, ethnicity and religion
aka "we don't want to band wagon, we want to be different"
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Hearth Areas
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geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have previously spread (i.e Agriculture); places where civilization practices have sprung from the premodern world
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Six Core Demographic Measures
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1. TFR (total fertility rate)
2. CDR
3. CBR
4. Doubling-Time
5. Life - Expectancy
6. IMR
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Geography Matters B/c. . .
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it's specific places that provide the settings for people's daily lives
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Places and Regions are highly _______
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Interdependent. Each plays specialized roles in difficult and revolving networks of interaction and change
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Some of the most important aspects of interdependence btwn geographic scales are____
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relationships btwn the local and the global
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The1st law of geography
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everything is related to everything else but near things are are more related than are distant things
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Relative Measure of Distance
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expressed in terms of time, effort or cost
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Location
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nominal or expressed solely in terms of names given to regions and places
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Social Construction
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Cognitive. different places are important to different ppl. everyone has a different emotional connection to each place
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Latitude
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called parallels. Horizontal lines that go from north to south
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Influence and Meaning of Places
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Places are dynamic b/c of environmental and human factors
Places provide settings for ppl’s daily routines of ppl’s economic and social life
Places also exert on physical well being, opportunities, lifestyle choices, and collective memory
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Social Construction
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different meanings of places by different groups of ppl for different purposes
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World Regions
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large scale geographic divisions based on continental and physiographic settings that contain major groups of ppl with broadly similar cultural attributes
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De Jure Territories
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Legally recognized territories
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Supranational Organizations
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collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature and that diminish individual state sovereignty in favor of group interests of memberships
For example: European Union, North American Free Trade Association and Association of South East Asian Nations
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Three Views of Globalization |
The Hyperglobalist View - Open markets and free trade and investments across global markets allow more people to prosper in a growing world economy
The Skeptical View - Contemporary levels of global economic integration represent nothing particularly new and that much talk about globalization is exaggerated.
The Transformationalist View- Contemporary processes of globalization that are unprecedented, as governments across the globe confront the absences of any clear distinction between global and local, between domestic and international affairs
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Spatial Analysis
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THe The study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map
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World Empire
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a group of minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political while retaining their fundamental cultural differences
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Colonization
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the physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state.
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Imperialism
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the deliberate exercise of military to advance and secure their national interests
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Colonialism
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involves the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society.
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The relationship between places and regions has been organized around three tiers:
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Core Regions
Semiperipheral
Peripheral
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Core Regions
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regions that dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
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Peripheral
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characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies and by underdeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
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Semiperipheral Regions
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are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
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The colonization & imperialism that came with the expansion of the world-system was tied to:
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to the evolution of world leadership cycles
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Leadership cycles
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are periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition
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Hegemony
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refers to the demonization over the world economy, exercised through a combination of economic , military, financial, and cultural means
-by one national state in a particular historical epoch
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What Countries Competed for Global Influence
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Britain, several European countries (Germany, France, and the Netherlands) the US and Japan
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Commodity Chains
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networks of labor and production processed that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
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Two of the most important factors that make up population dynamics:
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Birth and Death
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Demography
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the study of the characteristics of human populations; the distribution of populations from the international to local level
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Census
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- a strait forward count of the number of people in a country, region or city. Most are also directed at gathering other information about people, such as previous residences, martial status and income
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Age- Sex Pyramid
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a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex
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Cohort
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a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience
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Dependency Ration
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a measure of the economic impact on the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population
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Youth Cohort
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consists of those members of the population who are less than fifteen years of age and generally considered to be too young to be fully active in the labor force
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Middle Cohort
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consists of those members of the population age fifteen to 64 who are considered economically active and productive
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Old age Cohort
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member of the population aged 65 or older, who are considered beyond their economically active and productive years
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CBR
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Crude Birth Rate: the ration of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
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TFR
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Total Fertility Rate- a measure of the average number of children a woman will have throughout the years the demographers have identified as her childbearing years (15-49yrs)
- The Total Fertility Rate is a more predictive measure that attempts to portray what birth rates will be among a particular cohort of women over time
- A population with a total fertility rate of slightly higher than two has achieved replacement level fertility
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Doubling Time
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a measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
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CDR
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Crude Death Rate: the ratio of the number of deaths in one year to every thousand ppl in the population
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The difference between Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate is ______
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the rate of Natural Increase- the surplus of births over deaths.
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Infant Mortality Rate
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annual number of deaths of infants less than one year of age compared to the total number of live births for that same year.
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Life Expectancy
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the average number of years and infant newborn can expect to live
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Demographic Transition
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a model of population change in which high picture and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates. Once a society moves from a preindustrial economic base to an industrial one, population growth slows
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Push Factors
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events and conditions that impel an individual to move from a location
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Pull Factors
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forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
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Demographic Transitional Model
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model that describes population change over time.
Stage 1: Pre-Modern
Stage 2: Urbanizing/ Industrializing
Stage 3: Mature Industrial
Stage 4: Post Industrial
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