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BIOL 1104: Test 1
Biology is ________
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Hierarchal
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Emergent properties
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Characteristics emerge at each level that are more than the sum of the parts.
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DNA->
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RNA>Proteins
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Natural selection
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A primary mechanism for evolution.
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Golden rules of evolution. (4)
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(1) Variation exists
(2) Some variation is heritable, passed from parent to offspring
(3) More offspring are produced that can struggle setting up a struggle for existence.
(4) In next generation, more organisms with favorable variations.
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Adaptation
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Inherited characteristics that enhance the survival and reproductive success of an organism in a particular environment.
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Acclimation
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Individual changes to situation.
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How do biologists categorize diverse organisms?
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1.Physical appearances
2. What it eats and how.
3. Similarity
4. Behavior
5. How it reproduces
6. Genetics.
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Evolutionary relationships shown by .....
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Evolutionary Trees
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Phyla
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Groups of organisms.
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To be closely related, ancestors have to branch of the same...
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Node
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Speciation
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Process when one species diverges into two species.
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Ecological species concept
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a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment.
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Morphological species concept
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a species is a set of organisms that are phenotypically similar and that look different from other sets of organisms
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Phylegenetic species concept
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a species is a "tip" on an evolutionary tree, that is, the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets.
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Biological species concept
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a set of organisms that can reproduce to form viable, fertile offspring.
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Interspecific Interactions
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Community level interactions with an ecosystem.
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Mutualism
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An interspecific interaction with a net benefit to both species.
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Competition
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An Interspecific interaction that hurts both organisms.
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Competitive exclusion
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If one species is a superior competitor, and there is a complete overlap in resources, the superior competitor drives the inferior to extension.
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Ecological scale
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short term changes in the way organisms obtain resources.
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Evolutionary scale
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over two or more generations, adaptations may occur that allow organisms to co exist.
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Herbivory
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Animal feeds on a plant.
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Parasitism
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One parasite lives on a host.
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Commensalism
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One organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
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Ecological roles of organisms:
Producers
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The trophic level that supports all others and consists of autotrophs.
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Ecological roles of organisms:
*Consumers
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All organisms in trophic levels above the producers and consists of heterotrophs.
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Gross Primary Productivity
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The total amount of energy captured by primary producers.
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Net Primary Productivity
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The amount of GPP that is available to the rest of the ecosystem; part of GPP not "lost" by respiration.
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Cellular Respiration
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Organisms must use some of their energy for their own metabolism.
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Trophic Efficiency on average is...
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10%
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Leptin
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A hormone that signals fullness.
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Trophic structure
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Feeding relationships among the species within the community
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ghrelin
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a hormone released by the stomach that signals hunger
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Clade
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A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics.
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Allopatric Speciation
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The act of speciation due to isolation due to a geographic barrier.
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