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Hydraulic Conductivity
The property of sediment or rock that indicates how readily water can flow through it. 
Porosity
The percentage of the rock or soil that is void of material. 
Permeability
The degree to which a material allows fluids to pass through it via an interconnected network of pores and cracks -GW is able to flow through aquifers b/c of this -2 types- primary and secondary
Darcy's Law
Saturated flow of water through the whole soil with pores being the path "movement through soils" describes the flow of a fluid through porous medium Q = KA(ΔH/L)
Head
Energy expressed as a length
Darcy flux
assumes water flows everywhere
K (Hydraulic Conductivity)
Properties of the porous media and the fluid.
Intrinsic Permeability
ki (lowercase) quantifies the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit a fluid. (in this case, water) Rocks that have a high k can transmit water much faster: gravel, clean sand, Karst limestone, fractured basalt
If Hydraulic conductivity is the same in all directions it is....?
Isotropic
Is the World anisotropic or isotropic?
Anisotropic 
Horizontal hydraulic conductivity
Kh = (K1d1)/d + (K2d2)+..... d = total thickness
Vertical hydraulic conductivity
Kv= d/(∑((d1/K1)+.....)
Moisture content is equal to porosity?
True.
What controls the size of the capillary fringe?
Amount of pores and surface tension (usually fine pores)
Water travels from a _____ head to a _____ head.
Higher; Lower
A higher head has _____ pressure than a lower head.
Lower
The pressure head is less than zero in the ________ zone.
Unsaturated 
The pressure head is greater than zero in the ________ zone.
Saturated
Westerlies
Wind blows from west to east. Driving force of climate.
Summer Circulation Patterns
Rising air warmed by land surfaces leads to generation of convective storms, most prevalent during summer afternoons
Winter Monsoonal patterns vs. Summer monsoonal patterns
Winter - High pressures moving inland; Summer - Low pressures moving toward the coast
Convectional storms
-Warm air rising, cool air falling -Creates thunderstorms -Short lasting - As the air warms, the greater the amount of water the air can hold
Frontal Storms
warm front: warm air lifted over cold air cold front: cold air displacing warm air Generally last along time
Orographic storms
The mechanical lifting of the air because the land gets higher More precipitation falls on the windward side Leeward side is warming and drying (rain shadow) Moist air becomes cool and condensates
How do we measure precipitation?
Rain gauge: Recording Non-recording (older)
What is a storm?
7 hours of no rain means a new storm (can vary depending on the location in the country)
Hortonian Overland Flow
Water infiltrates slower with more water in system 
Hot is on the ____
Left
Water flows ______
downhill.
Influent stream
Losing water 
Effluent stream
Gaining water
Intermitent stream
Flows seasonally
Ephemeral stream
Flows only during a storm
Does water chemistry change with discharge?
Yes.
Low flow
-Water table is low -7Q10
Capillary fringe
Water that sits above water table (energy churn), provides water for plants
Capillary forces
Water held by pores with a stronger force than gravity. 
Are all confined aquifers unconfined at one point?
Yes.
Artisian aquifer
Well is below piezometric surface, well will flow
Total head
The amount of water that can stay in a well.
Perched Water
Water that lies above the water table on a confining bed/aquitard
Aquifuge
A completely impervious bed or formation which neither contains nor transmits water. What you would want to line a land fill. 
Aquitard
-Material with a relatively low hydraulic conductivity. -Flow is vertical
Perennial Stream
A stream that has a well-defined channel and flows year-round, except during times of extreme drought
Aquifer
Contains water and can be used by man, all aquifers have horizontal flow
Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil, which water can easily flow into and out of
Confined Aquifer
an aquifer that is separated from Earth's surface by materials with low permeability (aquiclude or aquitard)
Aquiclud
rocks that lack permeability and will not transmit water
Unconsolidated Material
Geological deposit in which individual elements are desperate and not cemented together. Sand and gravel, for instance. Can break with fingers
High energy environments yield _______ grain size.
Uniform
Poorly sorted material = _____ porosity.
Low.
Secondary Porosity
Developed after rock formation Sources: fracturing, faulting, dissolution
Homogenous porosity
Same everywhere
Potentriometric surface
Water table, top of unconfined aquifer
Alluvium
Mineral deposited by flowing water
Till
Unsorted, not a high flow property
Ice-contact deposits
Stratified drift, big rocks
Loess
Deposited by wind, act as an aquitard
Colluvial Deposits
loose, incoherent deposits at the foot of a slope or cliff brought by gravity
Lacustrine sands
Deposited in still water (clays)
Ablation till
Sediment deposited as the ice is melting, or when sediment is clogged at the bottom of glacier and deposited. Loose. 
Lodgment till
sediment which has been deposited by plastering of glacial debris from a sliding glacier bed. -Aquiclud (clay size)
Primary permeability
Flow through the rock
Secondary permeability
Flow through the fractures
Primary porosity
void space in rock
Carbonates
Surface observations usually misleading Vertical joints widespread Openings along bedding planes more important

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