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LING 2100: Exam 2
sonorants
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nasals
liquids
glides
vowels
tend to be voiced and allow easy air flow
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obstruents
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stops, fricatives, affricates
tend to be voiceless doesnt allow easy airflow
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Natural class
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a group of sounds in language that have one or more things in common exclusive to all other sounds
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free variation
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unlike complementary distribution, it CAN occur in the same environment and unlike contrastive distribution, replacing one sound with another does NOT change the meaning of the word
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contrastive distribution
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tow sounds occur in the same phonetic environment using one sound rather than the other results in meaning change
-allophones of seperate phonemes
-minimal pairs
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complementary distribution
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2 sounds that seem to represent the same sound but never appear in the same phonetic environment
-allophones of the same phoneme
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phoneme
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mental idea
-a class of speech sounds that seem to be varients of the same sound
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allophones
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-physical
-member of a phoneme class
-realization of the same sound
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assimulation
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a sound becomes more like its neighbor
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palatization
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sounds become more palatal
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dissimilulation
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a sound that becomes less like a neighbor
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deletion
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a sound that exists in phonemic level doesn't exist at phonetic level
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insertion
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inserting a sound at the phonetic level that doesn't exist at the phonemic level
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metathesis
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change the order of sounds
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strenthening
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makes sounds strong
-asspiration
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weakening
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making sounds weaker
-flapping
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phonological rules
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describe how the mental representation of speech sounds become physical reality
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morphology
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study of the internal structure of words
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morpheme
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the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
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lexicon
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mental dictionary
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lexical catagories
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parts of speech
-open categories
-closed categories
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content/function/free/bound morphemes
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Free- can stand alone
Bound- cannot stand alone
Content- more concrete meaning
function- only hold meaning in grammar
Free/content: verbs, nouns, adv., adj.
Free/Function: pronouns, preps., determiners, conjunctions
Bound/content: derivational affixation
Bound/function: inflextions affixtions
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inflection
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creating different forms of the same word
3rd person sing. present -s (verbs)
past tense -ed (verbs)
porgressive -ing (verbs)
past participle -en -ed (verbs)
plural -s (nouns)
possesive -s' -'s (nouns)
comprative -er (adj, adv.)
superlative -est (adj, adv.)
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derivation
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creating different words; usually changes lexical category
If not listed on inflectional; prefixes
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affixation
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morphemes attach to other stems
-prefixes
-suffixes
-infixes (middle of stem)
-circumfix (one part is added before and the other part added after the stem
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compounding
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adding two or more independent words to make a new word
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reduplication
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taking a word or part of a word and doubling it
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alternation
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something changes inside the stem
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suppletion
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a word completely changes its form
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analytic languages (isolating languages)
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-made up of sequences of free morphemes; each word consists of a single morpheme used by itself
-does not use affixes to compose words
-word order is very ridged
ex: chinese
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synthetic languages (3)
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-bound morphemes attach to each other soa word may have several meaningful parts
-stem + affix
-less dependent on word order
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agglutinating languages
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morphemes are joined together loosely
it is easy to tell where the morphemes are and each morpheme carries only one meaning
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fusional languages
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morphemes are added to the stem but the affixes are not as easy to separate from the stem
ex: spanish
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polysynthetic languages
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highly complex words with multiple morphemes embedded can be entire sentences
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