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Exam 1 Flashcards

Ariostotle
scala nature, said it is like a ladder of life, every rung is "fixed" each step has one species that cannot move up or down
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Linneaus
father of taxonomy, binomial nomeclatue, allows us to classify organisms based on morphology
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Curvier
catastrophism, father of paleontology
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catastrophism
when one species went extinct a new species migrated into the area
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Hutton
gradualism
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Gradualism
slow processes create big change overtime
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Lyell
Uniformitarism
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Uniformitarnism
Geologic processes occur at the same rage overtime
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Lammarck
adaptation, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Darwin
Theory of evolution, natural selection, influenced by Lyell and Hutton
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Natural Selection
the mechanism behind evolution, Requires heritable variation, differential reproductive success, selective mating, does not create favorable traits
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Phenotype
the smallest unit that natural selection can act on
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Intrasexual selection
direct competition for members of the same sex, for mates.
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Intersexual selection
mate choice, chosen based on desirable characteristics
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Sexual Dimorphisms
differences in males and females, EX: size, plumage, manes, antlers the result of intersexual selection
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Stabilizing selection
favors the average
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Disruptive/diversifying Selection
favors both extremes
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Directional selection
favors one extreme
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Homology
similarities based on common ancestry
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Anatomical Homologies
similar physical structures EX: forelimbs of mammals have the same skeletal elements
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Embryological Homologies
Homologies present during embryological development EX: pharyngeal pouches, gills in fish, Eustachian tubes in humans
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Molecular Homologies
More closely related organisms have more similar DNA
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Covergent Evolution
Two different lineages forming similar structures EX: Bird and Bat, Porcupine and Cactus
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Biography
Geographic Distribution of species
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Population Genetics
study of genetic variation within populations
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Population
a group of individuals within the same species
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Species
a group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Allele
a specific form of a gene
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Fixed allele
an allele that has a frequency of 1
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
non-evolving population, allele frequencies and genotype frequencies can NOT change overtime
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Microevolution
changes in the genetic structure of populations overtime
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H-W Assumptions
Large Population No net migration No net mutation Random mating No natural selection
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Gene Flow
migration of alleles, into or out of the population
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Allopatric speciation
With geographic separation
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Mutation
original source of variation, the only way to create new alleles
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Genetic Drift
Acts on small populations, Defined as chance genetic change
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Bottleneck effect
a disaster reduces the population, genetic diversity is decreased, nothing is selected for pure chance of survival
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Founder Effect
a group of individuals of a population, by chance migrate and diversify, genetic variation is decreased
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Sexual Recombination
does not create new alleles, shuffles existing alleles, occurs during meiosis
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diploidy
two alleles for each gene
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Balanced Polymorphisms
maintains stable frequencies of 2 or more phenotypes in a population
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Heterozygote advantage
heterozygotes are favored over the 2 homozygotes
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Frequency dependent selection
if one allele becomes too common then its survival and reproduction will decrease
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Cline
variation in a trait across a geographical axis ex: tree height decreasing with increasing altitude
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Macroevolution
speciation, formation of new speices
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Anagenesis
one entire species evolves into a new species, does not increase genetic diversity
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Cladogenesis
part of a species evolve into a new species, increases genetic diversity
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Biological Species Concept
a population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but cannot produce offspring with other species
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Ecological Species Concept
defines organisms based on their niche
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Morphological Species Concept
characterizes species based on their structural features
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Prezygotic Barreiers
barriers that occur before the zygote is formed/fertilization
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Archean Eon
involves the origin of earth, first prokaryotic cells appeared and preformed photosynthesis, triggered the oxygen revolution
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Proterozoic Eon
first eukaryotic cells appeared, first multicellular life (algae), first animal life
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Phanerozoic Eon
has life as we know it
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Paleozoic Era
535 mya, oldest era, the age of fishes, plants fungi and arthropods invade land, first land vertebrates (amphibians), first vertebrates with celled eggs amniotes
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Mesozoic Era
age of dinosaurs, cone-bearing seed plants dominate, first mammals appear
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Cenozoic Era
diversification of mammals flowering plants birds and insects first humans appear
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why natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms:
1. selection can only edit existing variations (favors the fittest phenotypes, new advantageous alleles don't arise on demand) 2. evolution is limited by historical constraints (each species has a legacy of decent with modification from ancestral forms) 3. adaptations are often compromises (Structural reinforcement has been compromised for agility) 4. chance, natural selection, and the environment interact (chance events affect the subsequent evolutionary history of populations)
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