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ANSC 318: EXAM 2
Small Ruminants use of feedstuffs |
high in forages, low in concentrates
91:9
but only a very small portion of total feed and concentrate usage |
Feedlot cattle use of feedstuffs |
high in concentrates, low in forages
72:28
4th largest use of total feed and 3rd largest total use of concentrate
|
All beef cattle use of feedstuffs |
high in forages low in concentrates
*even though feed lot uses more grain, grazing cattle is extremely high in forages
83:17
largest portion of total feed used and very small part of concentrate used |
non ruminants use of feedstuffs |
hogs, poultry
use high concentrate, low forage
90:10
low portion of total feed very high portion of total concentrate used |
Dry forages and roughage classification |
Includes cut and dried forages/roughage that have greater than 35% of NDF (high in cell wall) and low in energy content
Ex: Carbonaceous roughage less than 10% CP like straws, stalks and mature grasses and Proteinaceous roughage greater than 10% CP like legumes and immature grasses |
Pasture and grazed forages classification |
Cool/warm season grasses and legumes, forbs and browse |
Silages classification |
Includes ensiled forages that are carbonaceous (corn, grass silage) and proteinaceous (alfalfa, clover silage) |
Mineral & Vitamin supplement classification |
Mineral: bone meal, calcium carbonate and limestone
Vitamin: Fish oil, wheat germ, Vitamin A acetate and Vitamin D3 acetate |
Feed additives classification |
Antibiotics, buffers(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide), antioxidants(prevent oxidative rancidity of fats), Chemical preservatives(mold inhibitors, prevent deterioration), pellet binding agents(bentonite, lignin sulfonate) and probiotics(lactobacillus, aspergillus) |
forage vs. grain (forage) |
forage is high in NDF (greater than 35%), low in energy content, high in calcium content, low in phosphorous, carbonaceous if CP is lower than 10% or proteinaceous if CP is higher than 10% and has a high variation in nutrient content
|
forage vs. grain (grain) |
grain is low in NDF (less than 35%), high in energy content, low in calcium content, high in phosphorous, carbonaceous if CP is lower than 20% or proteinaceous if CP is higher than 20% and has a low variation in nutrient content
|
Carbonaceous concentrates |
lower than 35% NDF, lower than 20% CP
Includes: Cereal grains(corn, oats, barley, rye and wheat) Sorghum (milo, kafir) Milling By-Products (bran, middlings) and misc feeds (animal fat, bakery by-products) |
Corn grain |
-no limitations on its use
-only grain with B-carotene--> Vitamin A
-fed whole
-generally processed before feeding
-susceptible to mold damage
high in starch** |
Sorghum (milo) |
-40% grown in texas
-drought tolerant
-can be only grain source in diets
-must be processed to utilize
-used widely for swine because its similar to corn
**similar to corn but lower in fat, fiber and starch |
Wheat |
-not widely used $$, primarily for humans
-best protein quality of cereal grains
-only gain source if used for pigs, and only 50% for ruminants
-more fermentable starch then corn or milo (more likely to cause acidosis which will decrease milk fat) |
Barley |
-3rd most important grain
-grown in north and used in brewing
*higher fiber than corn/milo but lower energy* |
Oats |
-has hull weight
-"safe grain" for horses because its high in fiber
-limited used in pigs, more for horses and ruminants
*high crude fiber, lowest energy of all grains* |
Gluten free |
by products of corn and milo, have less energy than original grain |
Middlings |
by products from wheat and rye, moderate energy |
Hominy feed |
by product of only corn, only slightly less energy than corn, still high |
grain screenings |
from all grains, less energy than original
|
Miscellaneous |
groats, and barley malt sprouts |
Proteinaceous concentrates |
lower than 35% NDF, greater than 20% CP
Includes: Oil-seed protein feeds like SBM, CSM, Peanut meal, sunflower meal, flaxseed meal canola mean and processed oilseeds like vegtable oil, meals and hulls
|
Soybean Meal |
-oil extracted from soybeans
-2 types: 1 hass more hulls, more fiber(44%protein) 2 has more protein(50%) less fiber
-most abundant protein feedstuff in US
-very good blend of EAA, high in energy, low in D and B vitamins and Ca minerals, HIGH in phosphorous
-raw can inhibit digestion, only feed after heated |
Cottonseed Meal |
-oil extracted from cottonseed
-lower protein than SBM(41%,low in lysine) but cheaper
-abundant protein source from the south
-high in fiber so lower energy for non ruminants
-has gossypol which can be toxic to pigs, ruminants less susceptible
-low in Ca, carotene and Vitamin D, HIGH in phosphorus |
Peanut Meal |
-oil extracted from peanut kernels
- lower protein quality compared to SBM because less EAA (46%)
-best suited for ruminant feeds because of cost on AAs
-potential for aflatoxin
-low in Ca, carotene and Vitamin D and MODERATE in P |
Sunflower Meal |
-oil extracted from sunflower seeds
- moderate in crude fiber but lower protein than SBM (34-42%)
-MODERATE in Ca, high in P
-better for ruminants |
Flaxseed Meal |
-oil extracted from flaxseeds
-primarily in north
-lower protein than SBM(34-38%) but has omega fatty acids
-MODERATE in Ca, high in P
-better for ruminants |
Canola or Rapeseed Meal |
-oil extracted rapeseed
-can contain erucic acid and glucosinolates
-primarily in north
-lower but close to SBM protein(35-40%) high in EAA
-MODERATE in Ca, High in P
-second best protein because of EAA** |
Protein feeds of Animal Origin |
-excellent protein quality(EAA) that is effected by processing method
-regulated because of BSE and can't be feed to ruminants |
Meat and Bone Meal |
-most common animal protein feed
-from bone, hair, hoof, horn and hide tissue
-45-55% protein
-must contain 4%P and less than 2.2XP Ca levels
-nutritional content varies batch to batch, meat meal with fewer bones contains more protein |
Blood Meal |
-from hair free blood
-80-90% protein
-processed in high temps
-high in EAA like lysine but $$
-high in bypass UIP protein for ruminants
|
Poultry-based products |
-feather meal high in protein (85-95%) but low in EAA and is a UIP |
Fish Meal |
-clean, dried fish tissue
-55-75% protein of excellent and very digestible quality but is $$
-High in Ca and P and UIP
-Menhaden is most common sourse
-can cause off flavored meat in non ruminants if feed too much |
Common Cool Season Grasses |
Timothy
C3 plants, less photo synthetically efficient but more digestible
Kentucky bluegrass
Smooth bromegrass
Orchardgrass
Tall fescue
Ryegrass
Wheatgrass
Oats
Barly
Triticale |
Common Warm Season Grasses |
C4 plants are more efficient at photosynthesis
Indiangrass
Switchgrass
Side-oats gramma
Buffalograss
Lovegrass
Bermudagrass (Tifton 85)
Dallisgrass
Bahiagrass
Kleingrass
Johnsongrass
Forage sorghum
Sundangrass
Crabgrass
Pearl millet
Sorghum-sudan hybrids |
Proteinaceous forages |
higher than 10% CP and higher than 35% NDF
include: warm and cold immature grasses, legumes and silages |
Methods of utilzing forage crops |
1. Pasture grazing systems
2. Hay
3. Direct-cut silage (green chop)
4. Silage |
1. Pasture grazing systems |
-select plants that are well adapted to climate and soil type and will provide available forage in multiple seasons of the year
-can be continuous, rotational, first-last, strip, limit or creep grazing (low to high utilization) |
Rotational grazing |
separate large pasture into small pads and roate when the forage is grazed down in one pad
*trick is knowing when to rotate, is labor intensive, and you must have water in each pad |
First-last grazing |
2 sets of rotational grazers, 1st with higher requirements(1st and 2nd calf females and BCS less than4), 2nd with lower requirements (5-8 years and BCS greater than 4) |
Strip grazing |
uses electric fence to move ever strip having an increase of pasture each time * highest utilization* |
Limit grazing |
high quality grass only grazed for a few hours, other pasture has lower quality and is used for the remaineder of the grazing, mature grass is not grazed in summer, saved for winter |
Creep grazing |
a type of limit grazing but the wires are high enough that calves can go under and graze both pastures at any time |
Stocking rate |
optimal range where the gain per animal and acre are the same, not over stocked or understocked |