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Lab Exercises 1-7 - Flashcards
population |
A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that produce fertile offspring. |
population genetics |
The study of evolution in living populations and the genetic variation that constitute that population. |
gene pool |
The sum of all the alleles in a population and their relative proportions. |
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium |
Models a sexually reproducing population with stable allele frequencies
Must have: 1. Large population size 2. No immigration or emigration 3. No genetic mutations 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection Equation: p^2 + pq +q^2 |
bottleneck effect |
Occurs when there is a catastrophic reduction in a population so that the gene pool of the survivors os adversely affected |
founder effect |
A population founded by a relatively small group of individuals that do not have the genetic variability of the original, parent, population. |
systematics |
the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. |
phylogenies |
Hypothetical models that reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms based on common ancestry. |
taxonomy |
Naming and classifying organisms. |
taxon |
A named group |
clades |
Consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants.
Also monophyletic taxa. |
polyphyletic taxa |
Taxa containing more than one ancestor. |
paraphyletic taxa |
Includes an ancestor and some, but not all of its descendant. |
Cell Theory |
States that organisms consist of one or more cells, that are capable of replication |
Gene Theory |
DNA coded in genes contains the blueprint for protein expression, and that proteins are the foundation for cellular structure and function. |
Theory of Inheritance |
States that the genetic code may be changed through mutation or crossing over during meiosis, and notes that reduction division, and the segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes permits unique combinations of genes to be inherited by individuals. |
Theory of Evolution |
States that the unique combination of genes inherited by individuals may result in survival advantage for some, and individuals who produce more offspring have a greater influence in the gene pool of the next generation. |
homologous structures |
similarity between characteristics of organisms due to theur shared ancestry |
analogous structures |
Structures that have evolved independently to serve similar functions in similar conditions. Analogous structures do NOT share common ancestry. |
vestigial structures |
Structures that served a function in the ancestor, but no longer serve any function. |
plesiomorphies |
homologous character states |
apomorphies |
Unique derived character states. |
auapomorphy |
A derived character state that is unique to a taxon. |
synapomorphy |
A derived character state that is shared among a set of taxa. |
outgroup |
In cladistics, an outgroup is a (monophyletic) group of organisms that serves as a reference group for determination of the evolutionary relationship among three or more monophyletic groups of organisms. |
node |
branch point on a cladogram |
parsimony |
Using the fewest number of steps possible. |
aerobic |
Bacteria that require oxygen for growth and development. |
anaerobic |
Bacteria that cannot tolerate atmospheric oxygen and are found in oxygen poor environments such as marine sediments, or sealed canning jars. |
facultative anaerobes |
Prefer atmospheric oxygen, but can live without it. |
heterotrophs |
Break down complex organic compounds gleaned from the environment. |
decomposition |
Carried out by bacteria and fungi, and results in the breakdown of the dead organisms, and nutrient release to the environment. |
nitrogen fixing bacteria |
Such as rhizobium, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form which is released to the environment. |
heterocysts |
Specialized cells that aid in nitrogen fixation in aerobic environment.
Appear as clear, round or oval cells separated by chains of smaller photosynthetic cells. |
Supergroup Excavata |
Includes parasitic, predatory and photosynthetic species. Some have an excavated groove on one side of the cell. Includes the clades diplomonads, parabasalas and euglenozoa. All have highly reduced mitochondria. |
diplomonadia |
Parasitic and lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. Includes Giardia. |
parabasala |
Mainly anaerobic organisms that lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. Generate energy anaerobically by releasing hydrogen as a biproduct. Have a golgi-complex. that is connected by parabasal fibers to the flagella. Most symbionts but some parasitic. |
euglenozoa |
Includes euglenids and the kinetoplastidsd. Flagellated organisms containing a spiral or crystalline rod.
Euglena has eye spot |
Supergroup Chromalveolata |
Contains the Alveolates and the Stramenopiles clades |
Alveolates |
Characterized by alveoli beneath the cell membrane. This clade includes free-living dinoflagellates, parasitic apicomplexans, and free-living ciliates |
dinoflagellates |
Have two flagella and a silica shell. |
apicomplexans |
Primarily blood parasites. Includes plasmodium vivox (malaria). Lack of motility causes them to have to be carried by mosquitoes. |
ciliates |
Mainly freshwater organisms with hairlike cilia used for mobility and or feeding. |
trichocysts |
When stimulated, trichocysts discharge long sticky protein threads that probably serve as a defense mechanism. |
Stramenopila |
Characterized by a singly "hairy" flagellum. in most, the hairy flagellum is paired with a shorter naked flagellum.
Include saprophytic or parasitic water molds, and important photosynthetic groups such as diatoms, golden algae and brown algae. |
oomycetes |
Water molds. Named for a stage in the life cycle where large, nonmotile egg nuclei are produced within a specialized structure called the oogonium. They look like fungi as a result of convergent evolution. |
zoosporangium |
After fertilization, the zygote develops into a diploid, elongated zoosporangium. |
daitom |
Characterized by wall of silica and geometric-like shape. |
Supergroup Rhizaria |
Contains the cercozoans. These organisms have shells or tests infused with calcium carbonate or silica. They also have unique filamentous pseudopodia which are used for swimming, to aid test formation and to engulf food particles. |
foraminifera (forams) |
Mostly live in marine habitats. Calcium carbonate shells. Have holes, diverse structure and tests that look like sea shells. |
radiolaria |
Differ from forams because they have skeleton of silica instead of calcium carbonate. |
Supergroup Unikonta |
Contains two major clades: opisthokonts and amoebozoans. |
amoebozoans |
members are characterized by having lobe shaped pseudopodia. The clade includes free-living amoebas, parasitic entamoebas and both free-living cellular and plasmodial slime molds. All have lobe shaped pseudopodia and lack tests or "shells". |
pseudopodia |
"fake feet"
cytoplasmic projections that provide motility and engulf food particles. Form through complex interactions between actin and myosin microfilaments. |