Front Back
allostatic load
the 'wear and tear' associated with chronic activation of stress response
"blunting"
lack of an adequate response to stress among some people who are exposed to maltreatment
b) hippocampus
Which of the following is not true? Children with ADHD have smaller a) cerebellum b) hippocampi c) basal ganglia d) prefrontal cortex
synaptic pruning
maintaining connection to only the most efficient cortical pathways
smaller hippocampus, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum
What structures are smaller in children who have experienced extended maltreatment?
anhedonia
less reactive to positive stimuli
Bucharest Early Intervention Project
randomized controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for social deprivation associated with institutionalization; looking for causal nature
Insensitive care isolation lack of psychological investment
Why might institution rearing be bad for the brain? ( 3 main things)
interaction-fan effect
risk gene - in the context of a good environment, it is not a risk gene In the context of a negative parenting environment, much more at risk - multiplicative not additive
cross-over interaction
gene makes you more susceptible to influence of environment High susceptibility, great environment - GREAT results High susceptibility, bad environment - susceptibility to psychopathology is HIGH
linkage studies
get a whole bunch of kids with disorder within families and see which genes are most common in kids relative to their family members "narrowing down suspect genes" does not replicate well
association studies
start with a gene that you think might be related to a disorder - get lots of kids that align in many ways except one has disorder (case-control) - see if they differ in terms of that gene - begin with specific candidate gene and compare allelic frequences of it in those with and witho…
evocative rGE
Something setting you up to be more likely to be treated in a certain way by your environment
active rGE
children select for their own environment
passive rGE
...
physical neglect
highest proportion of substantiated maltreatment cases involve (785)
18.6%
lifetime prevalence of maltreatment among kids under 18 (according to NSCEV)
1. Normal and atypical development are mutually informative 2. Behaviors can have developmental continuities and discontinuities 3. Multiple Levels of Analysis 4. Core Domains of Development 5. Reciprocal/Transactional models 6. Equifinality and Multifinality
Principles of Developmental Psych
joint attention
gazing together at an object emerges between 8 and 12 months
H.M.
patient whose hippocampus was surgically removed -could not form new episodic memories
etiology
where the disorder comes from/ why does it emerge?
medical model of 'mental illness'
says that disorders are discrete things that you either have or don't have
Developmental Psychopathology
an attempt to incorporate diverse perspectives into our understanding of disorders in childhood and adolescence
language delays, avoidance of gazing at eyes, lack of Theory of Mind, limited interests, repetitive behaviors, broad social interaction/cue deficits
deficits linked to autism spectrum disorder
IDM
decreased oxygen in utero - damage to hippocampus - could learn mom's face but not as well
neurology
"what causes what?" perspective
psychopathology
"what hangs together" perspective
Heterotypic continuity
children can have an attribute that expressed DIFFERENTLY over time
developmental discontinuity
different from life course persistent; behavior that shows up in particular periods of life (ex: antisocial behavior in adolescence)
life-course persistent
1) is stable across time and situational contexts 2) begins in early childhood 3) person is accumulating consequences that maintain behavior
adolescence-limited
time limited emergence of antisocial behavior in teenage years - lack of continuity across time and contexts - very normal in development - shaped by peer reinforcement and environmental contingencies
homeotypic continuity
consistency of behavior across time (manifested similarly)
Psychopathology predicts psychopathology
having a disorder as a child is a predictor of having some kind of pathology as an adult children with 1 diagnosis are more likely to have another and/or to have a family member w/ ANY diagnosis
core domains of development
emotional social cognitive neurobiological
low levels of analysis
- specific behaviors/abilities that are measurable in similar ways across time - neural function/ structure - genetic analyses *not just about identifying continuity/discontinuity
Ecological model
working from middle out individual --> macro
equifinality
a diversity of developmental pathways can lead to the same outcome
multifinality
a particular condition, environmental experience, or developmental problem can lead to DIFFERENT outcomes for different individuals
dialectic
the best way of conceptualizing identity & illness happens as a conversation between these 2 ideas
vertical identities
shared with one's parents and historical culture (ex: race (usually), ethnicity, language
horizontal identities
not shared with one's parents, but nonetheless central
demonological view
"mental illness is a possession" associated with negative treatment and blame
naturalistic view
"mental illness is a disease" associated with more positive treatment, less blame
WIllowbrook
horrible mental institution; highlighted that institutionalization is terrible for mental health
Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination
What is stigma?
stereotypes
generalizations about all members of a group
prejudice
negative beliefs about that group
discrimination
curtailing of groups rights and opportunities
1. Physical aberrations 2. Character flaws 3. Tribal differences
three classes of individuals that are subject to stigma (evolutionarily)
1. In group/out group processes (increased self-esteem for in group) 2. lack of social power
Why does stigma still persist?
the 'Noble Savage'
the idea that somewhere there is a culture that is less well-developed; concept from a lot of colonial writings
impairment
degree of suffering an individual experiences
genotype
structural composition of genes
phenotype
observable characteristics that result from interplay between genes and environment
endophenotype
"measurable components unseen by unaided eye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype"
Paul Eckman (1984)
argued that there are 6 basic, cross-cultural emotions (AFDSHS- All Fluffy Dogs Soothe Her Soul)
Feldman-Barret
argued that emotions exist along dimensions of arousal and pleasantness
behavioral genetics
parsing variability in behavioral traits within populations into portions accounted for by A) heritable mechanism B) environmental mechanisms c) G x E interactions
additive genetic effects
all sources of variance that are accounted for by heritable mechanisms within a population (A)
E
error
rare structural variants (CNVs)
copy number variants - microduplications and microdeletions
emotion
an appraisal + action preparation
parasympathetic
branch of ANS involves rest and digest
sympathetic
branch of ANS involving fight or flight
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
beat to beat in variation in timing (not rate) of heart beat -increased variation is associated with better emotion regulation
emotion regulation
changes in an initial measurable emotional response
emotion dysregulation
1) emotions endure and regulatory attempts are ineffective 2) Emotions interfere with appropriate behavior 3) emotions are context inappropriate 4) emotional lability
emotional lability
moving rapidly from one emotion to the next
serotonin
linked very strongly with most internalizing disorders (more emotion dysregulation)
dopamine
linked with most externalizing disorders (both impulsivity and emotion dysregulation)
correlate
a characteristic of the environment or individual which is associated with an outcome
risk factor
characteristic of the environment or individual which increases likelihood of a negative outcome
causal risk factor
changes in risk factor change likelihood of negative outcome (direct relation)
variable risk factor
changes with development; more pertinent across certain stages
specific risk factor
variable which increases likelihood of a specific negative outcome
non-specific risk factor
variable which increases likelihood of a variety of negative outcomes
cumulative risk
likelihhod of negative outcome increases as number of adverse childhod experiences increases
resilience
a dynamic process where people show positive adaptation despite significant adversity or trauma
variable-focused
what is it about environment/individual that allowed this group of people to emerge unscathed?
person-focused
identifying the 'off-diagonals'
transactional definition of stress
depends on HOW the event affects you
objective definition of stress
it doesn't matter what meaning you make of it, event is stressful
psychological definition of stress
events or chronic conditions which threaten the physical or mental health of the child
biological definition of stress
events or chronic condtitions which disrupt physiological equilibrium and activate stress response
positive stress
challenges with satisfying outcome
tolerable stress
adverse life events buffered by supportive relationships -results in healthy brain architecture
toxic stress
unbuffered adverse events of greater duration and magnitude -unhealthy brain stucture -poor coping and compromised recovery
allostasis
maintaining equilibrium through change
coping
behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to a stress
primary control
coping strategies designed to change situation itself
secondary control
coping strategies designed to regulate own experience of situation (often dont have a lot of control over the situation itself)
disengagement
avoidance, denial, wishful thinking

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