PSYC 500: EXAM 1
92 Cards in this Set
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allostatic load
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the 'wear and tear' associated with chronic activation of stress response
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"blunting"
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lack of an adequate response to stress among some people who are exposed to maltreatment
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b) hippocampus
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Which of the following is not true?
Children with ADHD have smaller
a) cerebellum
b) hippocampi
c) basal ganglia
d) prefrontal cortex
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synaptic pruning
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maintaining connection to only the most efficient cortical pathways
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smaller hippocampus, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum
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What structures are smaller in children who have experienced extended maltreatment?
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anhedonia
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less reactive to positive stimuli
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Bucharest Early Intervention Project
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randomized controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for social deprivation associated with institutionalization; looking for causal nature
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Insensitive care
isolation
lack of psychological investment
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Why might institution rearing be bad for the brain? ( 3 main things)
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interaction-fan effect
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risk gene - in the context of a good environment, it is not a risk gene
In the context of a negative parenting environment, much more at risk - multiplicative not additive
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cross-over interaction
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gene makes you more susceptible to influence of environment
High susceptibility, great environment - GREAT results
High susceptibility, bad environment - susceptibility to psychopathology is HIGH
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linkage studies
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get a whole bunch of kids with disorder within families and see which genes are most common in kids relative to their family members
"narrowing down suspect genes"
does not replicate well
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association studies
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start with a gene that you think might be related to a disorder - get lots of kids that align in many ways except one has disorder (case-control) - see if they differ in terms of that gene
- begin with specific candidate gene and compare allelic frequences of it in those with and witho…
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evocative rGE
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Something setting you up to be more likely to be treated in a certain way by your environment
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active rGE
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children select for their own environment
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passive rGE
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...
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physical neglect
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highest proportion of substantiated maltreatment cases involve (785)
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18.6%
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lifetime prevalence of maltreatment among kids under 18 (according to NSCEV)
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1. Normal and atypical development are mutually informative
2. Behaviors can have developmental continuities and discontinuities
3. Multiple Levels of Analysis
4. Core Domains of Development
5. Reciprocal/Transactional models
6. Equifinality and Multifinality
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Principles of Developmental Psych
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joint attention
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gazing together at an object
emerges between 8 and 12 months
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H.M.
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patient whose hippocampus was surgically removed
-could not form new episodic memories
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etiology
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where the disorder comes from/ why does it emerge?
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medical model of 'mental illness'
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says that disorders are discrete things that you either have or don't have
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Developmental Psychopathology
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an attempt to incorporate diverse perspectives into our understanding of disorders in childhood and adolescence
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language delays, avoidance of gazing at eyes, lack of Theory of Mind, limited interests, repetitive behaviors, broad social interaction/cue deficits
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deficits linked to autism spectrum disorder
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IDM
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decreased oxygen in utero - damage to hippocampus - could learn mom's face but not as well
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neurology
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"what causes what?" perspective
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psychopathology
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"what hangs together" perspective
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Heterotypic continuity
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children can have an attribute that expressed DIFFERENTLY over time
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developmental discontinuity
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different from life course persistent; behavior that shows up in particular periods of life (ex: antisocial behavior in adolescence)
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life-course persistent
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1) is stable across time and situational contexts
2) begins in early childhood
3) person is accumulating consequences that maintain behavior
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adolescence-limited
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time limited emergence of antisocial behavior in teenage years
- lack of continuity across time and contexts
- very normal in development
- shaped by peer reinforcement and environmental contingencies
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homeotypic continuity
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consistency of behavior across time (manifested similarly)
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Psychopathology predicts psychopathology
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having a disorder as a child is a predictor of having some kind of pathology as an adult
children with 1 diagnosis are more likely to have another and/or to have a family member w/ ANY diagnosis
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core domains of development
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emotional
social
cognitive
neurobiological
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low levels of analysis
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- specific behaviors/abilities that are measurable in similar ways across time
- neural function/ structure
- genetic analyses
*not just about identifying continuity/discontinuity
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Ecological model
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working from middle out
individual --> macro
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equifinality
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a diversity of developmental pathways can lead to the same outcome
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multifinality
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a particular condition, environmental experience, or developmental problem can lead to DIFFERENT outcomes for different individuals
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dialectic
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the best way of conceptualizing identity & illness happens as a conversation between these 2 ideas
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vertical identities
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shared with one's parents and historical culture (ex: race (usually), ethnicity, language
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horizontal identities
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not shared with one's parents, but nonetheless central
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demonological view
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"mental illness is a possession"
associated with negative treatment and blame
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naturalistic view
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"mental illness is a disease"
associated with more positive treatment, less blame
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WIllowbrook
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horrible mental institution; highlighted that institutionalization is terrible for mental health
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Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
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What is stigma?
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stereotypes
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generalizations about all members of a group
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prejudice
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negative beliefs about that group
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discrimination
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curtailing of groups rights and opportunities
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1. Physical aberrations
2. Character flaws
3. Tribal differences
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three classes of individuals that are subject to stigma (evolutionarily)
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1. In group/out group processes (increased self-esteem for in group)
2. lack of social power
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Why does stigma still persist?
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the 'Noble Savage'
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the idea that somewhere there is a culture that is less well-developed; concept from a lot of colonial writings
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impairment
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degree of suffering an individual experiences
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genotype
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structural composition of genes
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phenotype
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observable characteristics that result from interplay between genes and environment
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endophenotype
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"measurable components unseen by unaided eye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype"
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Paul Eckman (1984)
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argued that there are 6 basic, cross-cultural emotions
(AFDSHS- All Fluffy Dogs Soothe Her Soul)
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Feldman-Barret
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argued that emotions exist along dimensions of arousal and pleasantness
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behavioral genetics
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parsing variability in behavioral traits within populations into portions accounted for by
A) heritable mechanism
B) environmental mechanisms
c) G x E interactions
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additive genetic effects
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all sources of variance that are accounted for by heritable mechanisms within a population (A)
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E
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error
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rare structural variants (CNVs)
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copy number variants - microduplications and microdeletions
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emotion
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an appraisal + action preparation
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parasympathetic
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branch of ANS involves rest and digest
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sympathetic
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branch of ANS involving fight or flight
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Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
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beat to beat in variation in timing (not rate) of heart beat
-increased variation is associated with better emotion regulation
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emotion regulation
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changes in an initial measurable emotional response
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emotion dysregulation
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1) emotions endure and regulatory attempts are ineffective
2) Emotions interfere with appropriate behavior
3) emotions are context inappropriate
4) emotional lability
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emotional lability
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moving rapidly from one emotion to the next
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serotonin
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linked very strongly with most internalizing disorders (more emotion dysregulation)
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dopamine
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linked with most externalizing disorders (both impulsivity and emotion dysregulation)
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correlate
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a characteristic of the environment or individual which is associated with an outcome
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risk factor
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characteristic of the environment or individual which increases likelihood of a negative outcome
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causal risk factor
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changes in risk factor change likelihood of negative outcome (direct relation)
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variable risk factor
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changes with development; more pertinent across certain stages
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specific risk factor
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variable which increases likelihood of a specific negative outcome
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non-specific risk factor
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variable which increases likelihood of a variety of negative outcomes
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cumulative risk
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likelihhod of negative outcome increases as number of adverse childhod experiences increases
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resilience
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a dynamic process where people show positive adaptation despite significant adversity or trauma
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variable-focused
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what is it about environment/individual that allowed this group of people to emerge unscathed?
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person-focused
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identifying the 'off-diagonals'
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transactional definition of stress
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depends on HOW the event affects you
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objective definition of stress
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it doesn't matter what meaning you make of it, event is stressful
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psychological definition of stress
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events or chronic conditions which threaten the physical or mental health of the child
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biological definition of stress
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events or chronic condtitions which disrupt physiological equilibrium and activate stress response
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positive stress
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challenges with satisfying outcome
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tolerable stress
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adverse life events buffered by supportive relationships
-results in healthy brain architecture
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toxic stress
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unbuffered adverse events of greater duration and magnitude
-unhealthy brain stucture
-poor coping and compromised recovery
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allostasis
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maintaining equilibrium through change
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coping
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behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to a stress
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primary control
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coping strategies designed to change situation itself
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secondary control
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coping strategies designed to regulate own experience of situation (often dont have a lot of control over the situation itself)
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disengagement
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avoidance, denial, wishful thinking
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