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MUSC 200: Exam 3
Everly Brothers
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Brought up in a musical family on country music. Had some huge Rock 'n Roll hits with country elements. Used Tremolo
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Doo Wop
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4, 5, and 6 person vocal groups (usually 4). Mostly black, male artists. Secular version of gospel quartets. Used vocables & complex vocal arrangements. Typically one-hit wonders.
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Jerry Lieber and Mike Stoller
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Forged position of independent producer. Atlantic Records signed them as independent producers.
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Independent Producers
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Job was to select the song, have an arranger arrange it, pair the song with a singer, and run the recording session. They delegated.
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Responses to Rock n' Roll
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Made people mad, upset racist groups. White people did not want white youth listening to or buying Negro records. Also felt the kids were corrupted due to the sexual elements.
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How TPA tried to cut down demand of Rock n' Roll
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Used political attacks, accusations that radio stations were not playing their music on purpose, covered Rock songs in a Pop style when they started to climb the charts to try and do it better and use their resources to make it go bigger. Message was that "white music" was better.
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Calypso
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Caribbean music with a vibrant and lively feel. Didn't stop Rn'R, but gave TPA a new source of revenue.
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Early Folk Revival
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Was centered in cities like NYC, Chicago, and San Fran into the 50's. Included Peet Seeger. Started to be spun in a pop direction.
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Teen Idols
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Clean-cut, white teenagers with a "boy/girl next door" vibe. Songs were controlled rock and were about love without the sexuality.
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Mainstream Music's Response to Rn'R
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Was actually incredibly racist. Wanted to cut down on sexuality & kids listening to black music.
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1960s Transitions
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1950s stars fade away. Buddy Holly died, Elvis moved to movies, and Jerry Lee Lewis was involved in some scandals. Overall, the scene was moving to other artists and styles in the early 60's.
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Stomp Box
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Small, electronic components that guitar players would use to alter their sounds. (Synonymous with a distortion box)
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Surf Rock
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Largely instrumental rock music, developed in SoCal around the surfing culture. Featured two guitars, bass, and drums. Heavy use of reverb and the whammy bar.
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Early 60s Surf Rock groove
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Repeating drum strokes and cymbal hits is the rhythmic foundation. Big snare drum strokes on the 2nd and 4th beats of the measure and the 2nd "and". Repeating of pattern for bass and guitar as well.
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Dick Dale and the Del-Tones
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Use the guitar to create a physical impression of power. Split guitar into two amplifiers.
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The Brill Building
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A group of songwriters and production companies that cluster in the Brill Building. Creates "Brill Building" pop - strongly associated with the girl groups.
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Phil Spector
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Major developer of the Girl Group phenomenon. Ultimately developed the independent producer. Controlled every single part of song's production. Made 1 mill by his 21st birthday. Apprenticed with Leiber and Stoller.
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Wall of Sound
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Specific double-tracking and overdubbing to create thickness in a track. Record a part and record copies of that part over and over again.
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Blue-Eyed Soul
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White artists appealing to blacks
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Girl Groups
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Elements of Pop and R&B and RnR. Encompassed 3 or 4 vocalists. Danceable, but less aggressive than 50s RnR. Lead vocalist rises over the rest of the band.
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Motown in the 60's
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Movement of the African American stars into the center of Pop music. Ryan Holland, Dosier, and Eddie Holland were songwriters.
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Berry Gordy
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Founder of Motown. Was a music entrepreneur. Started from the bottom, began as a songwriter. Owned several different labels and his own recording studio & booking agents & choreographers & etiquette trainers.
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Gordy's Production Process
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Scoured the city in search of the best singers and put them with writers who wrote specifically tailored songs for their singer.
Record bass and drums, then vocals, then everything else.
Paid salaries, but refused to shift from salaries to royalties.
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Motown
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Largest record label at the time, and the largest black-owned business of any kind. Had 100 singles in the top 10 from 61-71.
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Motown Musical Style
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Chord Based songs & Riff Based songs.
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Chord-Based Songs
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Start with guitar, bass, and drums foundation. Bass has active lines with lots of notes. Simple drum part with aggressive back beat. Guitar/trumpet play staccato. Vocals and drums were loudest.
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Riff Based Songs
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One basic riff in each song, from which everything else is derived. Oriented in blues.
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Diana Ross and the Supremes
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Motown Singer. Bigger than Elvis. Glamorous performance. Huge hair. Wide vibrato with a clear tone.
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British Invasion
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American Rock was very popular with British youth. The first British "rock" music to come out was skiffle. They listened to Radio Belgium to hear American Rock, because it wasn't played by the BBC.
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The Beatles origins
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Burst on to the American Pop charts in 1964. From Liverpool, born during WWII.
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British Invasion P2
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20 UK bands made it to American pop charts. Came from all over England, but mostly Liverpool & London.
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Liverpool vs. London
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Friendly rivalry between the two cities & their bands. Namely the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. The London style was classified as a "White Blues Revival".
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The Beatles Members
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John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Star.
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The Beatles Early Period
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Roots were found in the Quarry-Men, a skiffle group, that included the first 3 Beatles members & Stew Sudcliff on bass. Changed their name to The Beatles as an homage to Buddy Holly and the Crickets.
Added Pete Best on drums. Developed their "boy band" image. Sudcliff left group to pursue art school. Signed to Parlophone Records. Fired Best and hired Ringo Star. Epstein was their manager. Toured, went on TV shows and movies.
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Epstein's effect on the Beatles
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Crafted their style with the mop top haircut, matching suits. Made them act like great friends in public. Combination of cute pop and aggressive rock.
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The Beatles Middle Period
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Associated with two main albums, transitioned from a boy band to more of artists.
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The Beatles Late Period
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Released concept albums that were complete narratives and unique art pieces.
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The Beatles Vocal Style
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Falsetto leaps, shouts, yells, youthful RnR. Tried to sound American, but eventually fell back into their Liverpool dialects. Starr was essential with his strong, aggressive back beat & McCartney's active bass lines. Lennon like clever wordplay & puns.
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